“…Figure 3b shows the high-resolution C1s spectra of HA and PHA. The binding energy peaks centered at 283.04, 283.82, 286.00, and 287.50 eV for HA and at 283.01, 283.76, 286.00, and 287.48 eV for PHA are assignable to C-C, C-H, C-O, and C=O, respectively (see Supplementary Table S3 online) [27][28][29][30] . Compared with HA, the relative amount of C-C in PHA decreased by 18.5%, while C-H increased by 29.6%, which indicated that the relative proportion of protonated C was higher than that of HA.…”