Molecular biological identification of monoxenous trypanosomatids and Leishmania from antropophilic sand flies (Diptera: Psychodidae) in Southeast Brazil

Rocha, Leonardo de Souza; Santos, Claudiney Biral dos; Falqueto, Aloísio; Grimaldi, Gabriel; Cupolillo, Elisa

doi:10.1007/s00436-010-1903-1

Cited by 14 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 25 publications

(31 reference statements)

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“…are known to infect reptiles and some reptile-infecting trypanosomes are transmitted by sand flies [50–52]. Mixed trypanosomatid infections are also common in insects [53, 54], which further complicates interpretation of such evidence. Additionally, it is well established that trypanosomatids have undergone substantial molecular evolution despite minimal morphological change [55].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Isolation of Novel Trypanosomatid, Zelonia australiensis sp. nov. (Kinetoplastida: Trypanosomatidae) Provides Support for a Gondwanan Origin of Dixenous Parasitism in the Leishmaniinae

et al. 2017

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The genus Leishmania includes approximately 53 species, 20 of which cause human leishmaniais; a significant albeit neglected tropical disease. Leishmaniasis has afflicted humans for millennia, but how ancient is Leishmania and where did it arise? These questions have been hotly debated for decades and several theories have been proposed. One theory suggests Leishmania originated in the Palearctic, and dispersed to the New World via the Bering land bridge. Others propose that Leishmania evolved in the Neotropics. The Multiple Origins theory suggests that separation of certain Old World and New World species occurred due to the opening of the Atlantic Ocean. Some suggest that the ancestor of the dixenous genera Leishmania, Endotrypanum and Porcisia evolved on Gondwana between 90 and 140 million years ago. In the present study a detailed molecular and morphological characterisation was performed on a novel Australian trypanosomatid following its isolation in Australia’s tropics from the native black fly, Simulium (Morops) dycei Colbo, 1976. Phylogenetic analyses were conducted and confirmed this parasite as a sibling to Zelonia costaricensis, a close relative of Leishmania previously isolated from a reduviid bug in Costa Rica. Consequently, this parasite was assigned the name Zelonia australiensis sp. nov. Assuming Z. costaricensis and Z. australiensis diverged when Australia and South America became completely separated, their divergence occurred between 36 and 41 million years ago at least. Using this vicariance event as a calibration point for a phylogenetic time tree, the common ancestor of the dixenous genera Leishmania, Endotrypanum and Porcisia appeared in Gondwana approximately 91 million years ago. Ultimately, this study contributes to our understanding of trypanosomatid diversity, and of Leishmania origins by providing support for a Gondwanan origin of dixenous parasitism in the Leishmaniinae.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Isolation of Novel Trypanosomatid, Zelonia australiensis sp. nov. (Kinetoplastida: Trypanosomatidae) Provides Support for a Gondwanan Origin of Dixenous Parasitism in the Leishmaniinae

et al. 2017

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“…The kDNA PCR-amplified DNA from the blood samples of the dogs and of the parasite cultures isolated from the ticks were subjected to sequencing, which allowed the definitive identification of the detected trypanosomatids. This method was adopted since we cannot rule out the occurrence of monoxenic trypanosomatids in ticks and because positive PCR results for this target are not sufficient to indicate a Leishmania infection [ 25 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Successful isolation of Leishmania infantum from Rhipicephalus sanguineus sensu lato (Acari: Ixodidae) collected from naturally infected dogs

et al. 2015

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BackgroundThe main transmission route of Leishmania infantum is through the bites of sand flies. However, alternative mechanisms are being investigated, such as through the bites of ticks, which could have epidemiological relevance. The objective of this work was to verify the presence of Leishmania spp. in Rhipicephalus sanguineus sensu lato collected from naturally infected dogs in the Federal District of Brazil.MethodsTicks were dissected to remove their intestines and salivary glands for DNA extraction and the subsequent amplification of the conserved region of 120 bp of kDNA and 234 bp of the hsp70 gene of Leishmania spp. The amplified kDNA products were digested with endonucleases HaeIII and BstUI and were submitted to DNA sequencing. Isolated Leishmania parasites from these ticks were analyzed by multilocus enzyme electrophoresis, and the DNA obtained from this culture was subjected to microsatellite analyses.ResultsOverall, 130 specimens of R. sanguineus were collected from 27 dogs. Leishmania spp. were successfully isolated in culture from five pools of salivary glands and the intestines of ticks collected from four dogs. The amplified kDNA products from the dog blood samples and from the tick cultures, when digested by HaeIII and BstUI, revealed the presence of L. braziliensis and L. infantum. One strain was cultivated and characterized as L. infantum by enzyme electrophoresis. The amplified kDNA products from the blood of one dog showed a sequence homology with L. braziliensis; however, the amplified kDNA from the ticks collected from this dog showed a sequence homology to L. infantum.ConclusionThe results confirm that the specimens of R. sanguineus that feed on dogs naturally infected by L. infantum contain the parasite DNA in their intestines and salivary glands, and viable L. infantum can be successfully isolated from these ectoparasites.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12917-015-0576-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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“…Although it is more frequently found in forests, it also occurs in anthropic environments [11-13]. Despite its having been considered a possible vector of L. (V.) braziliensis on the basis of its high degree of anthropophily, frequency in the intradomicile and susceptibility to experimental infections when fed on monkeys of the Rhesus genus (0.4%; 1/246) [12], only recently has its natural infection by L. braziliensis or by L. (Viannia ) been demonstrated [15,56-58]. The infection rate of 23.2% observed for Pi.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…fischeri has been indicated as a possible vector of the ATL agent [12] due to its susceptibility to experimental infection [14] and in the state of Espírito Santo, its natural infection by L. (V.) braziliensis has been demonstrated [15]. …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Host-biting rate and susceptibility of some suspected vectors to Leishmania braziliensis

et al. 2014

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BackgroundAmerican tegumentary leishmaniasis is a serious Brazilian public health problem. This diseases is attributed to seven species of Leishmania, however, the majority of cases are associated with Leishmania braziliensis. Some phlebotomine species have been implicated in the transmission of this parasite, nonetheless only Psychodopygus wellcomei has had its vectorial competence demonstrated. Thus this study sought to assess some parameters related to the vectorial capacity of anthropophilic species of sand fly occurring in São Paulo state: Pintomyia fischeri, Migonemyia migonei Nyssomyia intermedia, Nyssomyia whitmani, Expapillata firmatoi and Psychodopygus ayrozai, under laboratory conditions. These parameters were the duration of the gonotrophic cycle, proportion of females which feed on hamster, the rate of infection by L. braziliensis and the duration of the extrinsic incubation period.MethodsThe sandflies were collected in three regions of the São Paulo state: Greater São Paulo and the Mogi Guaçu and Iporanga municipalities. To assess the proportion of engorged females the insects were fed on hamsters to estimate the duration of the gonotrophic cycle. To estimate the susceptibility to infection of each species, their females were fed on hamsters infected with Leishmania braziliensis and dissected to ascertain the localization of the flagellates and estimate the extrinsic incubation period.ResultsLow hamster attractiveness to Ps. ayrozai was observed. A high proportion of engorged females was observed when the hamster had its whole body exposed. The gonotrophic cycle ranged between three and eight days. Mg. migonei, Pi. fischeri, Ny. neivai, Ny. intermedia, Ny. whitmani and Ex.firmatoi presented susceptibility to infection by L. braziliensis. The highest infection rate (34.4%) was observed for Ny. whitmani and the lowest for Ny. intermedia (6.6%). Mg. migonei presented late-stage infection forms on the fifth day after feeding, but in the other species these forms were observed as from the fourth day.ConclusionsOur results, together with other parameters of their behavior under natural conditions, suggest the potential role of Ex. firmatoi as vector of this parasite and reinforce that of Mg. migonei, Pi. fischeri, Ny. neivai, Ny. intermedia and Ny. whitmani in the areas in which they occur.

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Molecular biological identification of monoxenous trypanosomatids and Leishmania from antropophilic sand flies (Diptera: Psychodidae) in Southeast Brazil

Cited by 14 publications

References 25 publications

Isolation of Novel Trypanosomatid, Zelonia australiensis sp. nov. (Kinetoplastida: Trypanosomatidae) Provides Support for a Gondwanan Origin of Dixenous Parasitism in the Leishmaniinae

Isolation of Novel Trypanosomatid, Zelonia australiensis sp. nov. (Kinetoplastida: Trypanosomatidae) Provides Support for a Gondwanan Origin of Dixenous Parasitism in the Leishmaniinae

Successful isolation of Leishmania infantum from Rhipicephalus sanguineus sensu lato (Acari: Ixodidae) collected from naturally infected dogs

Host-biting rate and susceptibility of some suspected vectors to Leishmania braziliensis

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