Molecular and Epidemiological Characteristics of Norovirus Associated with Community-Based Sporadic Gastroenteritis Incidents and Norovirus Outbreaks in Victoria, Australia, 2002–2007

Bruggink, Leesa D.; Sameer, Rizmina; Marshall, John A.

doi:10.1159/000279764

Cited by 13 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…For the purposes of the study, an outbreak of gastroenteritis was defined as an incident, apparently associated with a common event or location, in which ≥4 individuals had symptoms of gastroenteritis [17]. …”

Section: Figmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Comparative Molecular Epidemiology of GII.P7_GII.6 and GII.P7_GII.7 Norovirus Outbreaks in Victoria, Australia, 2012-2014

Bruggink

Moselen²,

Marshall³

2016

Intervirology

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The comparative molecular epidemiology of the related GII.P7_GII.6 and GII.P7_GII.7 noroviruses has not been examined in detail. ORF 1, ORF 2 and ORF 1/ORF 2 RT-PCR as well as sequencing and phylogeny analysis were carried out on faecal specimens from 873 gastroenteritis outbreaks in Victoria, Australia (2012-2014). There were 575 (66%) detected as positive for norovirus by means of ORF 1 RT-PCR and/or ORF 2 RT-PCR. Of these, 24 (4.2%) were GII.6 (ORF 2) outbreaks, 7 (1.2%) were GII.7 (ORF 2) outbreaks, and 1 outbreak (0.2%) involved both GII.6 (ORF 2) and GII.7 (ORF 2) noroviruses. The median age of patients identified with GII.6 (ORF 2) (84 years) was significantly different from that of patients identified with GII.7 (ORF 2) (39 years). ORF 2 GII.6 and ORF 2 GII.7 sequences were always associated with a GII.P7 ORF 1 sequence, and GII.P7 sequences fell into two clusters, with one corresponding to the GII.6 ORF 2 genotype and the other to the GII.7 ORF 2 genotype, thereby indicating that the ORF 1 has been evolving separately for the two viruses. Thus, two closely related noroviruses can have a markedly different incidence and epidemiology.

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Section: Figmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Comparative Molecular Epidemiology of GII.P7_GII.6 and GII.P7_GII.7 Norovirus Outbreaks in Victoria, Australia, 2012-2014

Bruggink

Moselen²,

Marshall³

2016

Intervirology

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“…Noroviruses are usually detected in faeces but have also been detected in vomitus [10] but apparently not in nasopharyngeal washings [10]. Norovirus-associated gastroenteritis outbreaks can occur in virtually any situation where groups of individuals gather together, including child-minding centres, school outings, camps, restaurants, hospitals, hostels, nursing homes, prisons and cruise ships [10,32,33]. The mode of spread of norovirus, its ubiquitous nature and the regular periodicity of norovirus outbreak epidemics [3–5] suggest environmental factors are important in the spread of the virus and some key topics here are considered next.…”

Section: Environmental Factorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Dynamics of Norovirus Outbreak Epidemics: Recent Insights

Marshall

Bruggink

2011

IJERPH

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Noroviruses are a major cause of gastroenteritis outbreaks worldwide. Norovirus outbreaks frequently occur as epidemics which appear to be related to both genetic and environmental factors. This review considers recent progress in understanding these factors. The norovirus genome undergoes continuous change and this appears to be important in the persistence of the virus in the community. Studies on the common GII.4 genotype have shown that some norovirus outbreak epidemics involving this genotype are correlated with specific changes in the genome. In contrast to the growing understanding of the role of genetic factors in norovirus outbreak epidemics, the role of environmental factors is less well understood. Topics reviewed here include long term excretion of norovirus in some individuals, long term survivability of norovirus in the environment, the role of meteorological factors in the control of norovirus outbreaks and the possible zoonotic transmission of the virus.

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“…These viruses are responsible for causing outbreaks and sporadic cases of acute viral gastroenteritis in humans. NoV is recognized as the major cause of extensive AGE outbreaks that involve different settings, such as restaurants, nursing homes, schools and cruise ships [6], [7], [8], [9]. Recent studies have emphasized the role of NoV as a cause of AGE in hospitalized children [10], [11], [12], [13].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Norovirus Diversity in Diarrheic Children from an African-Descendant Settlement in Belém, Northern Brazil

et al. 2013

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Norovirus (NoV), sapovirus (SaV) and human astrovirus (HAstV) are viral pathogens that are associated with outbreaks and sporadic cases of gastroenteritis. However, little is known about the occurrence of these pathogens in relatively isolated communities, such as the remnants of African-descendant villages (“Quilombola”). The objective of this study was the frequency determination of these viruses in children under 10 years, with and without gastroenteritis, from a “Quilombola” Community, Northern Brazil. A total of 159 stool samples were obtained from April/2008 to July/2010 and tested by an enzyme immunoassay (EIA) and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) to detect NoV, SaV and HAstV, and further molecular characterization was performed. These viruses were detected only in the diarrheic group. NoV was the most frequent viral agent detected (19.7%-16/81), followed by SaV (2.5%-2/81) and HAstV (1.2%-1/81). Of the 16 NoV-positive samples, 14 were sequenced with primers targeting the B region of the polymerase (ORF1) and the D region of the capsid (ORF2). The results showed a broad genetic diversity of NoV, with 12 strains being classified as GII-4 (5–41.7%), GII-6 (3–25%), GII-7 (2–16.7%), GII-17 (1–8.3%) and GI-2 (1–8.3%), as based on the polymerase region; 12 samples were classified, based on the capsid region, as GII-4 (6–50%, being 3–2006b variant and 3–2010 variant), GII-6 (3–25%), GII-17 (2–16.7%) and GII-20 (1–8.3%). One NoV-strain showed dual genotype specificity, based on the polymerase and capsid region (GII-7/GII-20). This study provides, for the first time, epidemiological and molecular information on the circulation of NoV, SaV and HAstV in African-descendant communities in Northern Brazil and identifies NoV genotypes that were different from those detected previously in studies conducted in the urban area of Belém. It remains to be determined why a broader NoV diversity was observed in such a semi-isolated community.

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Molecular and Epidemiological Characteristics of Norovirus Associated with Community-Based Sporadic Gastroenteritis Incidents and Norovirus Outbreaks in Victoria, Australia, 2002–2007

Cited by 13 publications

References 30 publications

The Comparative Molecular Epidemiology of GII.P7_GII.6 and GII.P7_GII.7 Norovirus Outbreaks in Victoria, Australia, 2012-2014

The Comparative Molecular Epidemiology of GII.P7_GII.6 and GII.P7_GII.7 Norovirus Outbreaks in Victoria, Australia, 2012-2014

The Dynamics of Norovirus Outbreak Epidemics: Recent Insights

Norovirus Diversity in Diarrheic Children from an African-Descendant Settlement in Belém, Northern Brazil

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