Molecular and Biological Characterization of Tomato chlorotic mottle virus Suggests that Recombination Underlies the Evolution and Diversity of Brazilian Tomato Begomoviruses

Abstract

Tomato chlorotic mottle virus (ToCMoV) is an emerging begomovirus species widely distributed throughout tomato-growing regions of Brazil. ToCMoV appears to have expanded its geographic range recently, invading tomato-growing areas that were free of begomovirus infection before 2004. We have determined the first complete genome sequence of an infectious ToCMoV genome (isolate BA-Se1), which is the first begomovirus species isolated in the northeast of Brazil. When introduced by particle bombardment into tomato, the cloned ToCMoV-[BA-Se1] DNA-A and DNA-B components caused typical chlorotic mottle symptoms. The cloned virus was whitefly-transmissible and, although it was infectious in hosts such as Nicotiana benthamiana, pepper, tobacco, and Nicandra physaloides, it was unable to infect Arabidopsis thaliana, bean, N. glutinosa, and Datura metel. Sequence and biological analyses indicate that ToCMoV-[BA-Se1] is a typical New World begomovirus sp. requiring both DNA-A and DNA-B components to establish systemic infections. Although evidence of multiple recombination events was detected within the ToCMoV-[BA-Se1] DNA-A, they apparently occurred relatively long ago, implying that recombination probably has not contributed to the recent emergence of this species.

Detection and Sequence Diversity of Begomovirus Associated with Yellow Leaf Curl Disease of Pepper (Capsicum annuum) in West Sumatra, Indonesia

“…Both the hairpinloop structure and iteron have been found in all geminivirus sequenced to date and this might be used for analysis of their genetic diversity. It was known that differences in the common region may indicate a different begomovirus strain (Hidayat et al 1999;Chatchawankanphanich and Maxwell 2002;Sukamto et al 2005;Ribeiro et al 2006;Santoso et al 2008). It was found in our present research that three isolates of begomovirus infecting pepper in West Sumatra (PepPYK1-1, PepAg2-1 and PepAg2-4) have a hairpin loop those found in Java, which commonly caused bright yellow colouring (Sulandari 2004).…”

“…The type of symptoms associated with the disease in West Sumatra is different from The identity of begomovirus infecting pepper in West Sumatra was determined based on their hairpin-loop structure and repetitive sequence (iteron) found in the common region. These hairpin loop structure has been found in all geminivirus sequenced so far (Zhou et al 2003) and iteron is known as the specific-binding site of the geminivirus replicationassociated proteins (Ribeiro et al 2006). Both the hairpinloop structure and iteron have been found in all geminivirus sequenced to date and this might be used for analysis of their genetic diversity.…”

Further molecular characterization of weed-associated begomoviruses in Brazil with an emphasis on Sida spp

“…In particular, the B biotype of B. tabaci colonizes a wide range of plants and is highly mobile, being able to fly over short distances or traveling up to several kilometers when assisted by the wind (Byrne, 1999). These characteristics facilitate the transmission of indigenous begomoviruses to new cultivated hosts, increasing the probability of novel, recombinant variants arising from mixed infections (Ribeiro et al, 2007). The current study investigated the species diversity of begomoviruses infecting malvaceous and compositae weeds in Brazil to assess the importance of these hosts as begomovirus reservoirs and as sources of novel viruses to crop plants.…”

“…Several studies have shown that recombination plays an important role in the generation of genetic variability in begomoviruses in Brazil (Galvão et al, 2003;Inoue-Nagata et al, 2006;Ribeiro et al, 2007;Silva et al, 2011a,b) and worldwide (Pita et al, 2001;Monci et al, 2002;García-Andrés et al, 2006, 2007a. Recombination analysis showed the occurrence of inter-and intraspecific recombination events in the Rep, CP and CR of the viral isolates detected in Sida spp.…”

Scientific Opinion on the pest categorisation ofTomato yellow leaf curl virusand related viruses causing tomato yellow leaf curl disease in Europe

“…As a consequence, recombination plays a significant role in the evolution of these viruses and this eventually results in the emergence of new disease phenotypes (Melgarejo, 2011;Kon and Gilbertson, 2012). Therefore, it is not surprising that recombinant begomoviruses have been reported in all tomato production areas of the world (Kirthi et al, 2002(Kirthi et al, , 2004Garcia-Andres et al, 2007;Lefeuvre et al, 2007b;Prasanna and Rai, 2007;Ribeiro et al, 2007;Kon and Gilbertson, 2012).…”