Molecular Analysis of
            <i>FRIGIDA</i>
            , a Major Determinant of Natural Variation in
            <i>Arabidopsis</i>
            Flowering Time

Johanson, Urban; West, Joanne; Lister, Clare; Michaels, Scott D.; Amasino, Richard M.; Dean, Caroline

doi:10.1126/science.290.5490.344

Cited by 926 publications

(988 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…The functional role of FRI in temperature-induced phenological responses makes this gene a particularly strong candidate for local adaptation to regional differences in growing season length. Among natural accessions of A. thaliana, FRI is a major regulator of flowering-time variation by controlling expression of FLC to produce a vernalization requirement in high latitude accessions, permitting flowering only after a prolonged exposure to cold temperatures (Johanson et al 2000;Mouradov et al 2002;Putterill et al 2004). In balsam poplar, our analyses implicate FRI in the response to local selection at different latitudes, probably reflecting a role of FRI in the temperaturesensitive timing of seasonal development.…”

Section: Molecular Adaptation Of Phenology Network Genesmentioning

confidence: 80%

Local Selection Across a Latitudinal Gradient Shapes Nucleotide Diversity in Balsam Poplar, Populus balsamifera L

et al. 2011

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Molecular studies of adaptive evolution often focus on detecting selective sweeps driven by positive selection on a specieswide scale; however, much adaptation is local, particularly of ecologically important traits. Here, we look for evidence of range-wide and local adaptation at candidate genes for adaptive phenology in balsam poplar, Populus balsamifera, a widespread forest tree whose range extends across environmental gradients of photoperiod and growing season length. We examined nucleotide diversity of 27 poplar homologs of the flowering-time network-a group of genes that control plant developmental phenology through interactions with environmental cues such as photoperiod and temperature. Only one gene, ZTL2, showed evidence of reduced diversity and an excess of fixed replacement sites, consistent with a species-wide selective sweep. Two other genes, LFY and FRI, harbored high levels of nucleotide diversity and exhibited elevated differentiation between northern and southern accessions, suggesting local adaptation along a latitudinal gradient. Interestingly, FRI has also been identified as a target of local selection between northern and southern accessions of Arabidopsis thaliana, indicating that this gene may be commonly involved in ecological adaptation in distantly related species. Our findings suggest an important role for local selection shaping molecular diversity and reveal limitations of inferring molecular adaptation from analyses designed only to detect species-wide selective sweeps.

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Section: Molecular Adaptation Of Phenology Network Genesmentioning

confidence: 80%

Local Selection Across a Latitudinal Gradient Shapes Nucleotide Diversity in Balsam Poplar, Populus balsamifera L

et al. 2011

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“…A vil1 lesion does not affect the flowering behavior of nonvernalized FRI-Col grown in inductive long days (LD; 16 h light/8 h dark) (Fig. 1D), nor does it affect flowering in LD in the wild-type Col background (i.e., Col that does not have an active FRI allele) (Johanson et al 2000). However, vil1 mutants exhibit a substantial delay of flowering in SD ( Fig.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 97%

A PHD finger protein involved in both the vernalization and photoperiod pathways in Arabidopsis

Sung¹,

Schmitz²,

Amasino³

2006

Genes Dev.

215

254

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The proper timing of flowering is critical for successful reproduction. The perception of the seasonal cues of daylength changes and exposure to cold influences flowering time in many plant species through the photoperiod and vernalization pathways, respectively. Here we show that a plant homeodomain (PHD) finger-containing protein, VIN3-LIKE 1 (VIL1), participates in both the photoperiod and vernalization pathways in Arabidopsis thaliana by regulating expression of the related floral repressors FLOWERING LOCUS C (FLC) and FLOWERING LO-CUS M (FLM). In the vernalization pathway, VIL1, along with VERNALIZATION INSENSITIVE 3 (VIN3), is necessary for the modifications to FLC and FLM chromatin that are associated with an epigenetically silenced state and with acquisition of competence to flower. In addition, VIL1 regulates FLM independently of VIN3 in a photoperiod-dependent manner.Supplemental material is available at http://www.genesdev.org.Received September 13, 2006; revised version accepted October 13, 2006. The transition to flowering is a critical developmental event in the plant life cycle. In many plants, the perception of seasonal changes affects the timing of this transition. Two environmental cues that many plant species monitor for flowering time control are the prolonged cold of winter and changing day length; these cues promote flowering through the vernalization and photoperiod pathways, respectively. Most accessions of Arabidopsis thaliana exhibit a facultative response to these signals: In the absence of either environmental cue, flowering is delayed but nevertheless eventually occurs.In Arabidopsis, vernalization results in the mitotically stable repression of the potent floral repressor, FLOW-ERING LOCUS C (FLC) (Michaels and Amasino 1999;Sheldon et al. 1999). Vernalization-mediated repression of FLC is associated with histone modifications such as methylation of histone H3 Lys 9 (H3K9) and Lys 27 (H3K27) as well as H3 deacetylation (Bastow et al. 2004;Sung and Amasino 2004). A plant homeodomain (PHD) finger-containing protein, VERNALIZATION , is required for FLC repression by vernalization and the associated modifications to FLC chromatin (Sung and Amasino 2004). Here we show that a related PHD finger-containing protein, VIN3-LIKE 1 (VIL1), identified in a screen for proteins that interact with VIN3, cooperates with VIN3 in the vernalizationmediated repression of FLC. Furthermore, independently of VIN3 activity, VIL1 mediates the photoperiod-specific repression of another member of the FLC clade. Thus, VIL1 is involved in the regulation of flowering by two environmental-sensing pathways. Results and DiscussionBecause VIN3 is essential for the vernalization response (Sung and Amasino 2004) and PHD finger-containing proteins are often members of multisubunit chromatin remodeling complexes (Bienz 2006), we searched for potential components of a VIN3 complex using the yeast two-hybrid system. This screen revealed two independent VIN3-interacting clones encoding C-terminal regions of At3g24440. In...

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“…While the traits flowering time and the presence or absence of trichomes have been shown to be under major gene control (Johanson et al., 2000; Karkkainen & Agren, 2002 and Marks, 1997; Shindo et al., 2005; respectively), our results corroborate that these traits also have a polygenic component (Samis et al., 2012; Symonds et al., 2005; Wilczek et al., 2009). For example, flowering time has evolved across an east–west gradient in North American invasive A. thaliana independent of the alleles at the major flowering time loci (Samis et al., 2012).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The effect of induced mutations on quantitative traits in Arabidopsis thaliana: Natural versus artificial conditions

Stearns

Fenster

2016

Ecology and Evolution

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Mutations are the ultimate source of all genetic variations. New mutations are expected to affect quantitative traits differently depending on the extent to which traits contribute to fitness and the environment in which they are tested. The dogma is that the preponderance of mutations affecting fitness will be skewed toward deleterious while their effects on nonfitness traits will be bidirectionally distributed. There are mixed views on the role of stress in modulating these effects. We quantify mutation effects by inducing mutations in Arabidopsis thaliana (Columbia accession) using the chemical ethylmethane sulfonate. We measured the effects of new mutations relative to a premutation founder for fitness components under both natural (field) and artificial (growth room) conditions. Additionally, we measured three other quantitative traits, not expected to contribute directly to fitness, under artificial conditions. We found that induced mutations were equally as likely to increase as decrease a trait when that trait was not closely related to fitness (traits that were neither survivorship nor reproduction). We also found that new mutations were more likely to decrease fitness or fitness‐related traits under more stressful field conditions than under relatively benign artificial conditions. In the benign condition, the effect of new mutations on fitness components was similar to traits not as closely related to fitness. These results highlight the importance of measuring the effects of new mutations on fitness and other traits under a range of conditions.

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Molecular Analysis of FRIGIDA , a Major Determinant of Natural Variation in Arabidopsis Flowering Time

Cited by 926 publications

References 16 publications

Local Selection Across a Latitudinal Gradient Shapes Nucleotide Diversity in Balsam Poplar, Populus balsamifera L

Local Selection Across a Latitudinal Gradient Shapes Nucleotide Diversity in Balsam Poplar, Populus balsamifera L

A PHD finger protein involved in both the vernalization and photoperiod pathways in Arabidopsis

The effect of induced mutations on quantitative traits in Arabidopsis thaliana: Natural versus artificial conditions

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