Molecular Analysis of Elastic Properties of the Stratum Corneum by Solid-State 13C-Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy

Jokura, Yoji; Ishikawa, Satoshi; Tokuda, Harukuni; Imokawa, Genji

doi:10.1111/1523-1747.ep12607005

Cited by 97 publications

(111 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…With only tightly bound water present in dry environments [<20% relative humidity (RH)], SC has a dense, semicrystalline structure. There is a strong interaction between the keratin chains because of hydrogen bonding between the polar-side groups of the chains (43,44), and the intercellular lipids are closely packed and rigid. As the tissue hydrates, the hydrogen bonding between the keratin chains is disrupted, allowing them to be less constrained and move more easily relative to each other while being strained (43,45).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Solar UV radiation reduces the barrier function of human skin

Biniek

Levi

Dauskardt

2012

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

251

219

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The ubiquitous presence of solar UV radiation in human life is essential for vitamin D production but also leads to skin photoaging, damage, and malignancies. Photoaging and skin cancer have been extensively studied, but the effects of UV on the critical mechanical barrier function of the outermost layer of the epidermis, the stratum corneum (SC), are not understood. The SC is the first line of defense against environmental exposures like solar UV radiation, and its effects on UV targets within the SC and subsequent alterations in the mechanical properties and related barrier function are unclear. Alteration of the SC's mechanical properties can lead to severe macroscopic skin damage such as chapping and cracking and associated inflammation, infection, scarring, and abnormal desquamation. Here, we show that UV exposure has dramatic effects on cell cohesion and mechanical integrity that are related to its effects on the SC's intercellular components, including intercellular lipids and corneodesmosomes. We found that, although the keratin-controlled stiffness remained surprisingly constant with UV exposure, the intercellular strength, strain, and cohesion decreased markedly. We further show that solar UV radiation poses a double threat to skin by both increasing the biomechanical driving force for damage while simultaneously decreasing the skin's natural ability to resist, compromising the critical barrier function of the skin.T he stratum corneum (SC), as the outermost layer of the epidermis, is the body's first line of defense against solar UV radiation. Solar UV radiation plays a dual role in human life: it is pivotal for vitamin D production (1) while also a potent and ubiquitous carcinogen responsible for much of the skin cancer in the human population (2). Although progress has been made in understanding the role of UV radiation in causing skin cancer (3), the role of solar UV radiation in altering the mechanical barrier function of the SC remains unknown.The SC provides both critical mechanical protection and a controlled permeable barrier to the external environment. Although the SC is typically a highly efficient barrier, exposure to harsh conditions can alter its function, leading to severe skin damage such as chapping and cracking. Such damage can cause detrimental skin responses including inflammation and infection caused by compromised barrier function, scarring, and abnormal desquamation, and further aggravate the effects of skin disorders such as atopic dermatitis, ichthyosis vulgaris, and chronic xerosis (4-7).UV radiation is divided into three main types based on wavelength: UVC radiation (200-280 nm) is predominately filtered by the ozone layer in the stratosphere, UVB radiation (280-320 nm) is mainly absorbed by the epidermis, and UVA radiation (320-400 nm) penetrates deeper into the dermis but interacts with both the SC and epidermis as well (8) (Fig. 1). The penetration of UV radiation into the skin can initiate detrimental photochemical reactions, causing both acute conditions such as erythem...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Solar UV radiation reduces the barrier function of human skin

Biniek

Levi

Dauskardt

2012

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

251

219

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“…In addition to the identification and quantification of the water type, the effect of the water content on SC composition and physiology has been investigated [15,16]. Since water enhances elasticity of the SC, water-keratin interactions have been investigated using techniques such as nuclear magnetic resonance imaging [17,18] and cryo-scanning electron microscopy [19]. …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

In vivo Raman Microspectroscopy: Intra- and Intersubject Variability of Stratum Corneum Spectral Markers

Quatela¹,

Miloudi²,

Tfayli³

et al. 2016

Skin Pharmacol Physiol

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Background: In vivo Raman spectroscopy is a powerful tool for real-time analysis and in situ evaluation of tissues such as the skin. The efficiency of this technique has been widely demonstrated as a label-free method for in vivo evaluation of the skin. The aim of this study is to gather information about inter- and intra-individual variations in the spectral descriptors of water content and structure, organization of the lipid barrier and structure of proteins in the stratum corneum (SC). Methods: In vivo SC measurements were performed on 17 female volunteers aged 20-30 years (phototypes I and II). For intra-individual variability, spectral collection was performed on 5 successive days per volunteer. Shapiro-Wilk and Cochran tests were applied to check the normality and the homoscedasticity of variances. ANOVA was then applied to evaluate intra- and intergroup variability. Results: ANOVA was performed on the spectral descriptors of water content and structure, organization of the lipid barrier and secondary structure of proteins in the SC. No significant intra- and interday variability was observed for all volunteers. Despite the low value of the total relative standard deviation, a highly significant variation was observed between volunteers. Conclusion: Interindividual variability for Raman measurements is significant for a set of volunteers with normal nondiseased SC and close phototypes. This variability should be taken into consideration as a threshold for significant variance when working in vivo.

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“…These models may be mainly due to removal of lipid components in the SC such as ceramides, cholesterol and free fatty acids, which play an important role in cutaneous barrier function (12,13). Additionally, treatment with organic solvent and water or exposure in the dry environment can disrupt the barrier with the loss of aqueous components, including amino acids, a -hydroxylates, pyrrolidonecarboxylate and urea (14,15). However, itch-associated responses and the mechanisms have not been investigated in these models.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Itch-Associated Response Induced by Experimental Dry Skin in Mice

Miyamoto

Nishimura

Shinkado

et al. 2002

Japanese Journal of Pharmacology

180

185

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ABSTRACT-The present study was conducted to establish a new mouse model of dry skin pruritus. The rostral back was treated daily with cutaneous application of acetone /ether (1:1) mixture (AE), water following AE (AEW), 1% sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) or tape stripping (TS). On the day after 5-day treatment, although all four treatments significantly decreased stratum corneum (SC) hydration and increased transepidermal water loss (TEWL), only AEW treatment significantly increased spontaneous scratching. An increase in the frequency of TS produced the marked increase of TEWL, without significant effects on SC hydration and spontaneous scratching. In AEW-treated mice, changes in SC hydration and TEWL were marked in the initial 2-day period, while spontaneous scratching increased gradually from 3 days after starting the treatment. The degranulation of cutaneous mast cells was increased by SLS treatment but not by other treatments. There was no apparent difference in AEW-induced spontaneous scratching between mast cell-deficient mice (WBB6F1-W /W V ) and normal littermates (WBB6F1-+/+). Opioid antagonists, naloxone and naltrexone, (1 mg /kg, subcutaneously) significantly suppressed spontaneous scratching in AEW-treated mice. It is suggested that spontaneous scratching of AEW-treated mice is an itch-related response and a useful model for studying the mechanisms of dry skin pruritus.

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Molecular Analysis of Elastic Properties of the Stratum Corneum by Solid-State 13C-Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy

Cited by 97 publications

References 24 publications

Solar UV radiation reduces the barrier function of human skin

Solar UV radiation reduces the barrier function of human skin

In vivo Raman Microspectroscopy: Intra- and Intersubject Variability of Stratum Corneum Spectral Markers

Itch-Associated Response Induced by Experimental Dry Skin in Mice

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