Moisture Measuring with Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR)

Wolter, Bernd; Krus, Martin

doi:10.1007/3-540-26491-4_21

Cited by 9 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…Field‐based NMR systems have been developed for industrial applications and are described in Wolter and Krus (2005) The OSA‐NMR system (Perlo et al, 2005) can be placed flat on a surface and measures to a depth of 5 to 30 mm. No reports of environmental application appear to have been made yet.…”

Section: Promising Avenues Of Instrumentation Researchmentioning

confidence: 99%

Soil Moisture Measurement for Ecological and Hydrological Watershed‐Scale Observatories: A Review

Robinson

Campbell

Hopmans

et al. 2008

Vadose Zone Journal

893

620

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Over the oceans, approximately 90% of net radiation produces evaporation (Budyko, 1974), primarily in the tropics. Over continents, net radiation heats the surface, evaporates water from water bodies or moist soils, or provides plants with energy to remove water from soils (Pitman, 2003; Istanbulluoglu and Bras, ANALYSISAt the watershed scale, soil moisture is the major control for rainfall-runoff response, especially where saturation excess runoff processes dominate. From the ecological point of view, the pools of soil moisture are fundamental ecosystem resources providing the transpirable water for plants. In drylands particularly, soil moisture is one of the major controls on the structure, function, and diversity in ecosystems. In terms of the global hydrological cycle, the overall quantity of soil moisture is small, ∼0.05%; however, its importance to the global energy balance and the distribution of precipitation far outweighs its physical amount. In soils it governs microbial activity that aff ects important biogeochemical processes such as nitrifi cation and CO 2 production via respiration. During the past 20 years, technology has advanced considerably, with the development of diff erent electrical sensors for determining soil moisture at a point. However, modeling of watersheds requires areal averages. As a result, point measurements and modeling grid cell data requirements are generally incommensurate. We review advances in sensor technology, particularly emerging geophysical methods and distributed sensors, aimed at bridging this gap. We consider some of the data analysis methods for upscaling from a point to give an areal average. Finally, we conclude by off ering a vision for future research, listing many of the current scientifi c and technical challenges.

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Section: Promising Avenues Of Instrumentation Researchmentioning

confidence: 99%

Soil Moisture Measurement for Ecological and Hydrological Watershed‐Scale Observatories: A Review

Robinson

Campbell

Hopmans

et al. 2008

Vadose Zone Journal

893

620

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“…The nucleus of an atom is made up of a certain number of protons and neutrons (the only exception is the hydrogen nucleus, which is a single proton) and has a complex collective rotational motion around its own axis, as shown in Figure 8. This rotation gives the proton, from the mechanical point of view, a kinetic moment called spin represented by the vector S, with the same direction as its axis of rotation and magnitude expressed in (Hz), and, from the electrical point of view, a magnetic moment represented by the magnetization vector µ, the magnitude of which is expressed in Tesla (T) [30]. The basic components required for the measurement of moisture content ar in Figure 9 [31].…”

Section: Magnetic Resonance Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Magnetic resonance [29][30][31] Analysis of free-induction decay (FID) and, in some cases, spin echo (SE) outputs Ultra-wideband (UWB) radar method [32,33] Reflection coefficient of the sensor and the complex permittivity of the grain are analyzed Ultrasonic (Acoustic Method) [34] Analysis and comparison of the incident sound wave in grains at frequencies from 5 to 50 kHz…”

Section: Operating Principlementioning

confidence: 99%

New Sensing Technologies for Grain Moisture

et al. 2022

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In this review, we present a description of conventional technologies and new advances for the estimation and sense of moisture content in grains. The operating principles, accuracies and response times are described. The review considers an exhaustive search of scientific developments and patent registrations. It was concluded that most of the new developments correspond to methods of which the measurement principles are based on the analysis of the electrical characteristics of the grains. In addition, new methods of image analysis have been implemented that provide measurements with reduced response times and with precisions of utility for its application in the agro-industrial field. In addition to this, wireless communication technologies have been implemented that allow the implementation of moisture measurement methods in moving grains within processing chains.

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“…Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) has been used to determine moisture profiles in a range of solid materials including concrete [145]. For quantitative analyses, the NMR signals are converted to water contents using the appropriate calibration curve for the actual concrete mix, determined from destructive gravimetric measurement.…”

Section: Nuclear Magnetic Resonancementioning

confidence: 99%

Methods for characterising the steel–concrete interface to enhance understanding of reinforcement corrosion: a critical review by RILEM TC 262-SCI

Wong,

Angst,

Geiker

et al. 2022

Mater Struct

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The steel–concrete interface (SCI) is a complex, multi-phase and multi-scale system. It is widely known to influence the performance and long-term durability of concrete structures. However, a fundamental understanding of its properties and effects on corrosion initiation of embedded reinforcing steel remains elusive. This is attributed to its complicated heterogeneity and time-dependent nature, exacerbated by the lack of suitable techniques for systematic and detailed characterisation. This paper, prepared by members of the RILEM Technical Committee 262-SCI, critically reviews available information regarding current methods (laboratory or field-based) for characterising local properties of the SCI that have been identified as governing factors affecting corrosion initiation. These properties include characteristics of the steel such as mill scale and rust layers, and characteristics of the concrete such as interfacial voids, microstructure and moisture content. We evaluated over twenty methods and summarised their advantages, applications and limitations. The findings show a severe lack of well established, non-destructive techniques that are suitable for direct monitoring of the SCI at a representative scale with sufficiently high resolution (spatial, temporal), particularly for moisture related aspects. Several promising novel techniques with significant potential for further development and application were identified and discussed. Finally, we provide several recommendations for future research needs that are required to advance this critically important topic.

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Moisture Measuring with Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR)

Cited by 9 publications

References 13 publications

Soil Moisture Measurement for Ecological and Hydrological Watershed‐Scale Observatories: A Review

Soil Moisture Measurement for Ecological and Hydrological Watershed‐Scale Observatories: A Review

New Sensing Technologies for Grain Moisture

Methods for characterising the steel–concrete interface to enhance understanding of reinforcement corrosion: a critical review by RILEM TC 262-SCI

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