Modulation of Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor gamma (PPAR γ) by Conjugated Fatty Acid in Obesity and Inflammatory Bowel Disease

Abstract

Conjugated fatty acids including conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) and conjugated linolenic acid (CLNA) have drawn significant attention for their variety of biologically beneficial effects. Evidence suggested that CLA and CLNA could play physiological roles by regulating the expression and activity of PPAR γ. This review summarizes the current understanding of evidence of the role of CLA (cis-9,trans-11 CLA and trans-10,cis-12 CLA) and CLNA (punicic acid and α-eleostearic acid) in modulating the expression or activity of PPAR γ that could in turn be employed as complementary treatment for obesity and inflammatory bowel disease.

Dairy Propionibacteria: Versatile Probiotics

“…PPARγ (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ) is a nuclear receptor forming obligate heterodimer with retinoid X receptor (RXR). PPARγ activation by CFAs can regulate the expression of its target genes involved in adipogenesis, lipid metabolism, inflammation and maintenance of metabolic homeostasis [90,91]. It also interferes with other proteins and transcription factors such as NF-κB and AP-1 through repression mechanisms [91].…”

“…PPARγ activation by CFAs can regulate the expression of its target genes involved in adipogenesis, lipid metabolism, inflammation and maintenance of metabolic homeostasis [90,91]. It also interferes with other proteins and transcription factors such as NF-κB and AP-1 through repression mechanisms [91]. Indeed, CLA and CLNA decrease antigen-induced proinflammatory mediators [92,93,94], modulate immune cells proliferation and differentiation [90,95], and limit adverse effects of colonic inflammation [90,91,95,96].…”

“…It also interferes with other proteins and transcription factors such as NF-κB and AP-1 through repression mechanisms [91]. Indeed, CLA and CLNA decrease antigen-induced proinflammatory mediators [92,93,94], modulate immune cells proliferation and differentiation [90,95], and limit adverse effects of colonic inflammation [90,91,95,96]. For dairy propionibacteria, the administration of cheeses matrix containing P. freudenreichii, alone or in combination with lactic acid bacteria, was shown to increase Pparg mRNA levels in the colon of mice during TNBS-induced colitis [7,12].…”

Effects of Dietary Conjugated Linoleic Acid on Broiler Performance and Carcass Characteristics

“…According to Moraes, Ribeiro, Santin, and Klasing (2015) if broiler performance is altered by changes in adipose tissue, CLA should have a greater impact on performance at the end of rearing period (22-42 d) when there is greater deposition of fat, and not in the initial phase (1-22 d), when protein deposition rates are higher. Kang, Liu, Albright, Park, and Pariza (2003) reported that trans-10, cis-12 isomer inhibits the differentiation of 3T3-L1 adipocytes and decreases the receptor activated by peroxisome proliferator gamma expression, suggesting that fat reduction can be linked in part to the inhibition of pre-adipocyte differentiation (Zhou, Sun, Liu, & Zhao, 2008;Yuan, Chen, & Li, 2015). Due to the complex metabolism of CLA, more studies are necessary to define its association with loss of performance in broiler starter phase.…”

“…CLA has an effect in reducing fat and increasing lean mass in humans (Chen et al, 2012) and studies in animal models have confirmed that CLA has anticarcinogenic effects and can act at various stages of development of cancer (Padilha & Pinheiro, 2004). CLA is a modulator of PPAR alpha (Miranda et al, 2011) and PPAR gamma (Yuan, Chen, & Li, 2015), whereas the PPAR gamma induces apoptosis of cancer cells and inhibits the proliferation of prostate, breast and colon cancer in humans (Mueller et al, 2000;Sarraf et al, 1999;Tontonoz & Spiegelman, 2008). When studied separately, the CLA isomers presented different effects.…”