“…Relative to the first occurrence of a word, repeated words in lists and sentences are commonly associated with an attenuation of the N400 (Besson, Kutas, and Van Petten, 1992;Besson and Kutas, 1993;Ledoux, Traxler, and Swaab, 2007;. The effect is particularly clear if the repeated word is presented immediately after its first occurrence (Nagy and Rugg, 1989). Consistent with the predominant interpretation of the N400 as indicating semantic integration difficulty (e.g., Federmeier, Wlotko, De Ochoa-Dewald, and Kutas, 2007;Hagoort, Hald, Bastiaansen, and Petersson, 2004;Van Berkum, Brown, and Hagoort, 1999;Van Berkum, Brown, Hagoort, and Zwitserlood, 2003; for evidence that the N400 is driven by word associations rather than semantic features, see these studies suggest that second or later mentions of a word are easier to integrate.…”