Modulation of Diabetes Mellitus-Induced Male Rat Reproductive Dysfunction with Micro-NanoencapsulatedEchinacea purpureaEthanol Extract

Abstract

Diabetes mellitus is a major health problem that affects a patient's life quality throughout the world due to its worst complications. It was recognized that chronic hyperglycemia with oxidative stress was the major cause of male infertility. Echinacea purpurea ethanol extract (EE) contains phenolic acid and isobutylamides had been proven to ameliorate diabetic complications. Chitosan/silica nanoparticles are well-known in the medicinal field because of its controlled release and drug delivery properties. This study was aimed at investigating whether the EE encapsulated chitosan/silica nanoparticle (nano-EE) can enhance the amelioration of male infertility. Our results indicated that the average size of nano-EE was 218 ± 42 nm with an encapsulation efficiency of 66.9% and loading capacity of 39.9%. The reduction in oxidative stress and antioxidant activity of nano-EE was observed in LC-540 cells. In in vivo experiment, 33 mg/kg of streptozotocin (STZ) was used to induce diabetes in male Sprague-Dawley rats. Diabetic rats were treated with nano (465 mg/kg), nano-EE 1 (93mg/kg), nano-EE3 (279mg/kg), nano-EE5 (465 mg/kg), and metformin (Met) (200 mg/kg) for 7 weeks. The results show that the nano-EE5 can improve hyperglycemia, insulin resistance, and plasma fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF 21) resistance. It was also confirmed that nano-EE5 significantly improved the testis tissue structure, increasing sperm quality and DNA integrity as well as reducing reactive oxygen species level.

Role of Antioxidant Natural Products in Management of Infertility: A Review of Their Medicinal Potential

“…Additionally, some studies examined the models with hyperglycemia or insulin resistance. Echinacea purpurea ethanol extract, Lycium barbarum polysaccharide, and white tea showed restoration of reproductive function as well as blood glucose levels against STZ-induced diabetic mice [ 63 , 84 , 88 ]. To add, apoptotic activities by the administration of natural products were observed through the regulation of indicators such as c-caspase3, 8, and bcl-2 [ 43 , 54 , 62 ].…”

“…Echinacea purpurea Linn. also known as purple coneflower contains active compounds with antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antiviral, and anticancer properties [ 88 ]. Mao et al reported that Echinacea purpurea ethanol extract encapsulated with chitosan/silica nanoparticles (nano-EE) ameliorated diabetes related male infertility.…”

Protective effect of Berberine on reproductive function and spermatogenesis in diabetic rats via inhibition of ROS/JAK2/NFκB pathway

“…China as this rat model is the classic model for studying DM. 25,26 After the adaption for 4 weeks, streptozotocin (STZ,60 mg/kg; Sigma-Aldrich) was dissolved in the vehicle (0.1 mol/L citratephosphate buffer; pH = 4.2) and injected into 25 rats to induce type 1 DM. The same vehicle was injected into the other 20 rats.…”

Fructans as Immunomodulatory and Antiviral Agents: The Case of Echinacea

“…Both Echinacea angustifolia and Echinacea purpurea were shown to improve symptoms of colitis in rats by decreasing the number of inflammatory mediators (IL-1β and TNF-α) [84]. Echinacea preparations were also reported to reduce inflammatory conditions caused by insulin resistance and induced by pathogens, respectively [79,85,86,87,88,89].…”