Modulation of Cytokine Production and Transcription Factors Activities in Human Jurkat T Cells by Thymol and Carvacrol

Gholijani, Nasser; Gharagozloo, Marjan; Kalantar, Kurosh; Ramezani, Alireza; Amirghofran, Zahra

doi:10.15171/apb.2015.089

Cited by 46 publications

(41 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…For several individual chemical constituents from thyme extract different anti-inflammatory activities have been described. Of these, the terpenol phenols thymol and carvacrol have been most intensively studied with respect to their anti-inflammatory activity [28][29][30]. In addition, the tannin rosmarinic acid, has been described to possess anti-inflammatory activity and also to intervene with eicosanoid production [31].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A tiered approach to investigate the mechanism of anti-inflammatory activity of an herbal medicinal product containing a fixed combination of thyme herb and primula root extracts

et al. 2018

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Background: The herbal medicinal product Bronchipret® TP film-coated tablets contains a fixed combination of thyme and primula dry extracts (BRO) and has long and successfully been used for the treatment of acute bronchitis. However, the underlying pharmacological mechanisms of action have not been determined so far. We report a tiered approach applying in vivo and in vitro studies to investigate the pharmacodynamic activity and underlying mechanisms of action, and to identify possible active ingredients contributing to the product's pharmacodynamic activity. Results: In an LPS-induced rat model of bronchoalveolitis oral administration of BRO effectively ameliorated the influx of leukocytes into the lung. This was accompanied by reduced levels of leukotriene (LT) B 4 , cysteinyl-LTs (cysLT), and prostaglandin (PG) E 2 . We also found that BRO potently reduced the production of LTB 4 in vitro in rat whole blood stimulated with the Ca 2+ -ionophore A23187 whereas the effect on PGE 2 was much less pronounced. The transferability of these findings to human cells was assessed by measuring the effects of BRO on A23187stimulated human monocytes and neutrophils. BRO and thyme extract were potent inhibitors of LTB 4 and cysLT production. We further investigated the effects of BRO, thyme extract as well as single compounds of thyme extract on enzymatic activity of 5-lipoxygenase (5-LO). 5-LO activity was potently reduced by BRO and thyme extract. Of the single ingredients, thymoquinone and rosmarinic acid showed most potent inhibitory activity against 5-LO, with lower potency for thymol and carvacrol.Conclusion: BRO attenuates inflammation-induced leukotriene formation in vivo and affects leukotriene biosynthesis in vitro via 5-LO inhibition. This inhibitory activity appears to be primarily related to the thyme extract component. However, none of the single ingredients tested seems to fully account for the activity of thyme extract alone. Rather, the interaction of different compounds seems to be required for its overall inhibitory effect on leukotriene production.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A tiered approach to investigate the mechanism of anti-inflammatory activity of an herbal medicinal product containing a fixed combination of thyme herb and primula root extracts

et al. 2018

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“…These results indicate that Car/Thy could strongly reduce the activation of genes involved in initiating the inflammatory responses to levels even lower than in non-treated conditions. It has been previously shown in other cells that both Car and Thy can affect pathways that are associated with inflammatory responses and possess anti-inflammatory effects [ 50 , 51 ]. Our results revealed novel pathways such as TLRs, miRNAs, SHIP1 and SOCS1 affected by Car/Thy.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chitin-Induced Airway Epithelial Cell Innate Immune Responses Are Inhibited by Carvacrol/Thymol

Khosravi

Erle

2016

PLoS ONE

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Chitin is produced in large amounts by fungi, insects, and other organisms and has been implicated in the pathogenesis of asthma. Airway epithelial cells are in direct contact with environmental particles and serve as the first line of defense against inhaled allergens and pathogens. The potential contributions of airway epithelial cells to chitin-induced asthma remain poorly understood. We hypothesized that chitin directly stimulates airway epithelial cells to release cytokines that promote type 2 immune responses and to induce expression of molecules which are important in innate immune responses. We found that chitin exposure rapidly induced the expression of three key type 2-promoting cytokines, IL-25, IL-33 and TSLP, in BEAS-2B transformed human bronchial epithelial cells and in A549 and H292 lung carcinoma cells. Chitin also induced the expression of the key pattern recognition receptors TLR2 and TLR4. Chitin induced the expression of miR-155, miR-146a and miR-21, each of which is known to up-regulate the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Also the expression of SOCS1 and SHIP1 which are known targets of miR-155 was repressed by chitin treatment. The monoterpene phenol carvacrol (Car) and its isomer thymol (Thy) are found in herbal essential oils and have been shown to inhibit allergic inflammation in asthma models. We found that Car/Thy inhibited the effects of chitin on type 2-promoting cytokine release and on the expression of TLRs, SOCS1, SHIP1, and miRNAs. Car/Thy could also efficiently reduce the protein levels of TLR4, inhibit the increase in TLR2 protein levels in chitin plus Car/Thy-treated cells and increase the protein levels of SHIP1 and SOCS1, which are negative regulators of TLR-mediated inflammatory responses. We conclude that direct effects of chitin on airway epithelial cells are likely to contribute to allergic airway diseases like asthma, and that Car/Thy directly inhibits epithelial cell pro-inflammatory responses to chitin.

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“…These compounds are responsible for the garlic's color, odor, and biological properties (Agarwal, ; Nicastro et al, ). Several effects of these compounds including modulation of immune function, antioxidant and antiinflammatory activities, anticancer, cardiovascular system protection, antimicrobial, and blood glucose lowering were reported (Gholijani, Gharagozloo, Kalantar, Ramezani, & Amirghofran, ; Suleria, Butt, Anjum, Sultan, & Khalid, ; Upadhyay, ). The garlic's protective effects are mainly due to the presence of OSCs (Le Bon & Siess, ; H. Suleria, Khalid, et al, ).…”

Section: A Sativummentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These compounds are responsible for the garlic's color, odor, and biological properties (Agarwal, 1996;Nicastro et al, 2015). Several effects of these compounds including modulation of immune function, antioxidant and antiinflammatory activities, anticancer, cardiovascular system protection, antimicrobial, and blood glucose lowering were reported (Gholijani, Gharagozloo, Kalantar, Ramezani, & Amirghofran, 2015; Suleria, Butt, Anjum, Sultan, & Khalid, 2013;Upadhyay, 2016a . S-allyl, S-methyl, and S-ethyl derivatives of cysteine along with alliin (C 6 H 11 NO 3 S) are of the most vital OSCs that their apoptotic, radical scavenging (antioxidant) activity, and antiinflammatory effects were proven (Zeng et al, 2017;Bisen & Emerald, 2016).…”

Section: A Sativummentioning

confidence: 99%

Allium vegetables for possible future of cancer treatment

Asemani

Zamani

Bayat

et al. 2019

Phytotherapy Research

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Natural resources such as plants are an upright curing option in treating cancers and reducing the side effects of current therapeutic modalities. Allium genus vegetables are of the most interesting herbs in restricting cancers that includes garlic, onions, leeks, chives, and shallots. These plants have been exploited in folk medicine because of their beneficial health effects in improving numerous diseases. The phytochemical analysis of various Allium genus members showed that, to date, 16 species have proved potential anticancer properties due to the accumulation of various sulfur and organic compounds like S‐allyl mercaptocysteine, quercetin, flavonoids, and ajoene. These compounds with various mechanisms such as hindering cell cycle, inhibiting signaling pathways, inducing apoptosis, and antioxidant activity interfere with diverse stages of formation, growth, differentiation, and metastasis of cancer cells. Similar to garlic and onion, other species have exhibited anticancer activities, so that active natural molecules extracted from them might serve as possible anticancer agents. Therefore, evaluating the main ingredients and studying their anticancer mechanisms are of great importance. In this review, we aim to summarize the available data on anticancer mechanisms of 16 species of Allium genus and their major compounds to assist further researches on the treatment and prevention of cancers.

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Modulation of Cytokine Production and Transcription Factors Activities in Human Jurkat T Cells by Thymol and Carvacrol

Cited by 46 publications

References 30 publications

A tiered approach to investigate the mechanism of anti-inflammatory activity of an herbal medicinal product containing a fixed combination of thyme herb and primula root extracts

A tiered approach to investigate the mechanism of anti-inflammatory activity of an herbal medicinal product containing a fixed combination of thyme herb and primula root extracts

Chitin-Induced Airway Epithelial Cell Innate Immune Responses Are Inhibited by Carvacrol/Thymol

Allium vegetables for possible future of cancer treatment

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