Modulation of antioxidant defense and immune response in zebra fish (Danio rerio) using dietary sodium propionate

Abstract

The present study explores the effect of dietary sodium propionate on mucosal immune response and expression of antioxidant enzyme genes in zebra fish (Danio rerio). Six hundred healthy zebra fish (0.42 ± 0.06 g) supplied, randomly stocked in 12 aquariums and fed on basal diets supplemented with different levels of sodium propionate [0 (control), 5, 10 and 20 g kg] for 8 weeks. At the end of the feeding trial, mucosal immune parameters (TNF-α, IL-1β, Lyz), antioxidant enzyme (SOD, CAT) as well as heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) gene expression were measured. The results revealed feeding on sodium propionate significantly up-regulated inflammatory response genes (TNF-α, IL-1β, Lyz) in a dose-dependent manner (P < 0.05). However, antioxidant enzyme genes significantly down-regulated in the treated group compared with control (P < 0.05). Also, HSP70 gene expression was higher in the liver of fish fed the basal diet and deceased with elevation of sodium propionate levels in the diet. These results showed beneficial effects of dietary sodium propionate on mucosal immune response as well as the antioxidant defense of zebra fish.

Progress and perspectives of short‐chain fatty acids in aquaculture

“…The authors noted that supplementing diets with a sodium formate and butyrate blend neither had benefits in growth rate nor feed utilization of rainbow trout. A SP supplementation increased the expression of TNF-a, IL-1b and lysozyme genes in the intestine, whereas decreased that of SOD, CAT and HSP70 genes in the liver of the fish Safari et al (2016) similar scenario was found in European sea bass (D. labrax) fed with a butyrate-supplemented diet (Rimoldi et al 2016), where the specific growth rate and FCR were not significantly different between fish fed a butyrate-supplemented and controlled diet. On the contrary, it has been reported that the addition of butyrate (0.21%, Gustor Aqua BP70 â ) to diets for sea bream (Sparus aurata) increased the weight of fish (Robles et al 2013).…”

“…Furthermore, SB increased the numbers of lymphocytes and monocytes in the bloodstream of Nile tilapia (O. niloticus) fingerlings, whereas the activities of the serum enzymes alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase and the phagocytes of fish fed on SB-added diets were not significantly affected (Ali et al 2018). Addition to butyrate, sodium propionate (with 5, 10 and 20 g kg À1 feed) was observed to stimulate the expression of inflammatory response genes (such as TNF-a, IL-1b and lysozyme), antioxidant enzyme genes (SOD and CAT) and HSP70 gene in zebrafish (Danio rerio) (Safari et al 2016). The upregulation of inflammatory response genes was dose dependent, with the highest expression observed in fish fed 20 g kg À1 feed of sodium propionate.…”

“…Addition to butyrate, sodium propionate (with 5, 10 and 20 g kg −1 feed) was observed to stimulate the expression of inflammatory response genes (such as TNF‐α, IL‐1β and lysozyme), antioxidant enzyme genes (SOD and CAT) and HSP70 gene in zebrafish ( Danio rerio ) (Safari et al . ). The upregulation of inflammatory response genes was dose dependent, with the highest expression observed in fish fed 20 g kg −1 feed of sodium propionate.…”

“…SCFAs play an important role in maintaining gut homoeostasis and serve to monitor the relationship with the host, its immune system and intestinal commensal microbes (Trachsel et al 2016). In aquaculture, SCFAs and their salts have been used as growth promoters (Ringø et al 1994;Gao et al 2011;Robles et al 2013;Liu et al 2014;Silva et al 2016b) and immune stimulators (Liu et al 2014;Estensoro et al 2016;Hoseinifar et al 2016bHoseinifar et al , 2017aSafari et al 2016;Silva et al 2016b;Tian et al 2017), indicating a promising application of SCFAs as dietary supplements in farmed aquatic animals. To date, only a few studies regarding the application of SCFAs as feed additives in aquaculture have been reviewed in details (Hoseinifar et al 2017b).…”

The effects of Coriandrum sativum L. as feed additive on mucosal immune parameters, antioxidant defence and, immune‐related genes expression in zebrafish ( Danio rerio )

“…To prepare experimental diets varying levels of coriander (0.5%, 1% and 2%) were added to basal diet at the expense of cellulose (to produce diets with similar total energy content). Then, they were thoroughly mixed, water added to form a mixture, and then re‐pelleted using a meat grinder, air‐dried, grounded and sieved to produce a suitable crumble (1 mm; Safari, Hoseinifar, & Kavandi, ; Hoseinifar et al, ). The supplemented diets were kept inside plastic bags at 4°C before administration.…”