Modulating Retro-Reflector Lasercom Systems for Small Unmanned Vehicles

Goetz, Peter G.; Rabinovich, William S.; Mahon, Rita; Murphy, James L.; Ferraro, Mike S.; Suite, Michele R.; Smith, W. R.; Burris, H. R.; Moore, Christopher I.; Schultz, Warren W.; Freeman, Wade T.; Frawley, Steve; Mathieu, B. M.; Hacker, Kurt; Reese, S.

doi:10.1109/jsac.2012.120613

Cited by 42 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…In literature, extensive research works have focused on fabricating the CCR and other modulating retroreflector (MRR) devices . The establishment of the experimental CCR FSO systems is performed in other works, which adequately demonstrates the feasibility of the CCR FSO technology. The signal to‐noise ratio (SNR) of a transceiver and a single CCR in a WSN based on a passive MRR is analyzed in the work of Hsu et al Noonpakdee et al propose an optical wireless identification scheme employing a thin film CCR (TCCR).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Performance analysis of free space optical–based wireless sensor networks using corner cube retroreflectors

Althunibat

Altarawneh

Mesleh

2019

Trans Emerging Tel Tech

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Asymmetric free space optical wireless sensor networks (FSO-WSNs) have gained momentous attention lately due to the promise of minimal energy consumption at the distributed sensors along with eminent performance. Asymmetric FSO is accomplished using corner cube retroreflector (CCR) that is mounted on each sensor node. The CCR either reflects or absorbs the received laser beam from the fusion center to indicate its local decision regarding the monitored target. In this study, a bistatic channel is assumed where the transmitter and the receiver are located at different locations such that the double pass channel is modeled as a product of two independent turbulence channels. Novel performance analysis of the CCR-based FSO-WSN system in terms of the average bit error rate (BER) and the average decision error rate (DER) is presented. In particular, closed-form expressions for the BER and the DER are derived using the Fox H-function under different bistatic turbulent channel models including negative exponential, K-turbulence, Gamma-Gamma, and Malaga channel models.Monte Carlo simulation results are obtained to corroborate the accuracy of the derived analytical formulas where an exact match is reported over wide range of system and channel parameters. In addition, the influence of transmit power, distance, detection threshold, and turbulence parameters on the performance of the system is investigated and thoroughly discoursed.Trans Emerging Tel Tech. 2019;30:e3707.wileyonlinelibrary.com/journal/ett considered as the most energy efficient since CCRs are very compact and operate at extremely low power consumption in the order of 0.1 nJ/bit. 11 The basic principle of CCR-based FSO-WSN implies that the fusion center (FC) emits a continuous laser beam toward each node in the WSNs to collect its binary decision. If the decision is 1, the CCR reflects the laser beam back to the FC. Alternatively, if the decision is 0, the CCR will not be activated and no signal will be reflected to the FC. Thus, the decision of the corresponding node is detected based on the intensity of the reflected beam. It is discernible that the energy consumption at the distributed nodes is at its minimum value. In literature, extensive research works have focused on fabricating the CCR and other modulating retroreflector (MRR) devices. 12,13 The establishment of the experimental CCR FSO systems is performed in other works, 14-17 which adequately demonstrates the feasibility of the CCR FSO technology. The signal to-noise ratio (SNR) of a transceiver and a single CCR in a WSN based on a passive MRR is analyzed in the work of Hsu et al. 11 Noonpakdee et al 14 propose an optical wireless identification scheme employing a thin film CCR (TCCR). The system was found to have potential advantages over hybrid RFID systems. In the work of Noonpakdee, 15 an indoor optical wireless communication system using CCR was proposed for health monitoring applications. Noonpakdee 16 proposed a passive-active optical wireless transmission for personal health monitoring sys...

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Performance analysis of free space optical–based wireless sensor networks using corner cube retroreflectors

Althunibat

Altarawneh

Mesleh

2019

Trans Emerging Tel Tech

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“…To meet the required limits on the SWaP values, the use of a modulated retro-reflector (MRR) shows strong competitiveness because it has the advantage of eliminating the need for the PAT of the passive end which directly reflects the modulated optical signal to the same optical path and transceiver. Modulated reflectors weigh only a few kilograms, consume only a few watts, and are generally small in size [5]. The diameter of an MRR array is just four inches in [6].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Modulated Retro-Reflector-Based Physical-Layer Network Coding for Space Optical Communications

et al. 2021

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We propose a Modulated Retro-Reflector (MRR) based Physical-Layer Network Coding (PNC) framework for space two-way relay (TWR) optical communications. MRR PNC simplifies the end node's design by replacing pointing, acquisition and tracking mechanisms which require large size, weight, and power (SWaP) consumption. Each end node modulates its data on top of the interrogating beam from the relay node so that the two end nodes' frequencies are synchronized and there is no carrier frequency offset between the two end nodes and the relay. However, the transmitted signal based on the interrogating beam and twice the channel fading leads to noise aggregation. We analyze the impact of this noise aggregation by deriving the bit error rate (BER) for MRR PNC and performing simulations in Gamma-Gamma fading channels. The simulation results show that MRR PNC has a 3 dB optical signal noise ratio penalty compared with MRR "point-to-point" systems. The overall system throughput of MRR PNC is 99% higher than the traditional non-network-coded scheme in the ≥ 6 dB (for BPSK, ≥ 9 dB for QPSK) signal noise ratio regime. We propose using low-density parity-check (LDPC) codes to mitigate the problem of the degradation of the BER caused by the noise aggregation in MRR PNC. Our simulation results show that a rate 1/2 LDPC code can achieve 2 dB coding gain on BER 10 −3 . We show that the asynchrony penalty is 3 dB on BER 10 −3 compared with a synchronous system. The implication is that when channel coding is used, the system can still work. Our findings show that MRR PNC can double the system throughput while keeping low values of SWaP, is feasible for space TWR optical communications.

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“…Previous researches on MRR communications mainly involve MRR fabrication, MRR FSO systems establishment and performance evaluations of MRR communication systems. A lot of previous studies have investigated in MRR fabrication [3][4][5] and MRR FSO systems establishment [6][7][8][9][10][11][12]. As for performance evaluations of MRR communication systems which are essential for the system design and optimisation, link budget of MRR FSO system is studied in [13].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Probability density function of turbulence fading in MRR free space optical link and its applications in MRR free space optical communications

Zhao

Zhang

et al. 2017

IET Communications

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Modulating Retro-Reflector Lasercom Systems for Small Unmanned Vehicles

Cited by 42 publications

References 18 publications

Performance analysis of free space optical–based wireless sensor networks using corner cube retroreflectors

Performance analysis of free space optical–based wireless sensor networks using corner cube retroreflectors

Modulated Retro-Reflector-Based Physical-Layer Network Coding for Space Optical Communications

Probability density function of turbulence fading in MRR free space optical link and its applications in MRR free space optical communications

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