Modulating neuroinflammation through molecular, cellular and biomaterial‐based approaches to treat spinal cord injury

Abstract

The neuroinflammatory response that is elicited after spinal cord injury contributes to both tissue damage and reparative processes. The complex and dynamic cellular and molecular changes within the spinal cord microenvironment result in a functional imbalance of immune cells and their modulatory factors. To facilitate wound healing and repair, it is necessary to manipulate the immunological pathways during neuroinflammation to achieve successful therapeutic interventions. In this review, recent advancements and fresh perspectives on the consequences of neuroinflammation after SCI and modulation of the inflammatory responses through the use of molecular-, cellular-, and biomaterial-based therapies to promote tissue regeneration and functional recovery will be discussed.

Strategies for enhanced gene delivery to the central nervous system

“…In many neuroinflammatory and neurodegenerative conditions where the BSCB may be compromised, researchers explore leveraging this altered integrity to enhance drug delivery. 94 Ongoing research aims to optimize and combine these strategies, providing new possibilities for treating spinal cord disorders by effectively overcoming the challenges posed by the BSCB.…”

Neuroinflammation in the Evolution of Motor Function in Stroke and Trauma Patients: Treatment and Potential Biomarkers

“…-Administration: Generally, they are administered via intravenous or local injection into the area affected by neuroinflammation [19]. -Targeting of inflamed areas: They are specifically designed to target an area of the brain affected by neuroinflammation to increase treatment efficacy and reduce potential side effects.…”

“…-Targeting of inflamed areas: They are specifically designed to target an area of the brain affected by neuroinflammation to increase treatment efficacy and reduce potential side effects. To this end, the nanoparticle surface is functionalized with specific markers that may include proteins, receptors, or adhesion molecules that are expressed in greater quantities on inflammatory cells [19]. For this purpose, the nanoparticle surface is modified with ligands or antibodies that recognize receptors expressed on inflammatory cells or BBB vessel endothelium.…”

“…This therapeutic modality leverages the fundamental principles of bioelectronics and neuroscience to influence the electrical behavior of nerve cells and glial cells, with results in terms of improved motor function, recovery of mobility, and reduction in inflammation in affected regions [18]. Bionanomaterials have proven to be an innovative option in the search for effective strategies to address the implications of neuroinflammation in SCI and stroke [19,20]. These materials are designed to interact at the nanometer scale with biological tissues.…”

Mesenchymal Stem Cell Transplantation: Neuroprotection and Nerve Regeneration After Spinal Cord Injury

“… 11 , 27 , 31 The blood vessels at the wounded site are ruptured and leak during this phase, which also results in damage to the nerve parenchyma and glial structure. 32 , 33 The secondary injury is the second stage of spinal cord injury (SCI), which is brought on by the primary injury event to start a secondary response that lasts almost the entire duration of SCI. The secondary injury event also causes the spinal cord injury area to grow through a series of complex and related cascades, aggravating SCI 34 , 35 ( Figure 2 ).…”