“…Human in-vitro studies conducted on brain tissue show that the strength of synaptic modification depends on the relative timing between pre-synaptic and post-synaptic activity albeit with different time scales, as compared to the critical time window of STDP in animals (Testa-Silva, 2010;Verhoog et al, 2013), which begs the question to what extent the findings in animals apply to the healthy human brain. STDP-like effect has been found in the human motor cortex (Stefan, 2000;Wolters et al, 2003), somatosensory cortex (Wolters et al, 2005), as well as in frontal networks (Guidali et al, 2021), using a transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) protocol called paired associative stimulation (PAS) (Müller-Dahlhaus, 2010). Additionally, human psychophysics experiments suggest that precisely controlling the relative timing of two visual inputs within a time window of 40 ms, results in a perceptual pattern resembling STDP (Fu et al, 2002;Yao et al, 2004;Yao & Dan, 2001).…”