Modular Assembly of MXene Frameworks for Noninvasive Disease Diagnosis via Urinary Volatiles

Abstract

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in urine are valuable biomarkers for noninvasive disease diagnosis. Herein, a facile coordination-driven modular assembly strategy is used for developing a library of gas-sensing materials based on porous MXene frameworks (MFs). Taking advantage of modules with diverse composition and tunable structure, our MFs-based library can provide more choices to satisfy gas-sensing demands. Meanwhile, the laserinduced graphene interdigital electrodes array and microchamber are laser-engraved for the assembly of a microchamber-hosted MF (MHMF) e-nose. Our MHMF e-nose possesses high-discriminative pattern recognition for simultaneous sensing and distinguishing of complex VOCs. Furthermore, with the MHMF e-nose being a plugand-play module, a point-of-care testing (POCT) platform is modularly assembled for wireless and real-time monitoring of urinary volatiles from clinical samples. By virtue of machine learning, our POCT platform achieves noninvasive diagnosis of multiple diseases with a high accuracy of 91.7%, providing a favorable opportunity for early disease diagnosis, disease course monitoring, and relevant research.

Rapid Diagnosis of Urinary Tract Cancers on a LEGO-Inspired Detection Platform via Chemiresistive Profiling of Volatile Metabolites

“…On the other hand, volatile metabolites are indicative of the physiological and pathological conditions of individuals and have emerged as a class of ideal biomarker candidates for noninvasive determination of cancer diseases. 18,19 Not until recently have polyaniline-or Mxene-based chemiresistive sensor arrays been reported for early screening of bladder cancer or diabetes through vapor analysis in urine, 20,21 chemical readouts for comprehensive discrimination of phenotypically similar UTCs is still in urgent need. Despite the advantages in cross-reactivity and portability, the development of array-based chemiresistive sensing technology has been challenged by drawbacks including high operating temperatures, limited data dimensionality, and difficulty in sensors' fabrication.…”

“…Other common methods for the detection of cancer markers focus on the chromatographic or mass spectrometric strategies in combination with sophisticated molecular diagnostics to target proteins, lipids, or microRNAs, , which is often limited by heavy dependence on well-trained personnel and centralized facilities. On the other hand, volatile metabolites are indicative of the physiological and pathological conditions of individuals and have emerged as a class of ideal biomarker candidates for noninvasive determination of cancer diseases. , Not until recently have polyaniline- or Mxene-based chemiresistive sensor arrays been reported for early screening of bladder cancer or diabetes through vapor analysis in urine, , yet a field-deployable strategy that can decipher multiplexed electrochemical readouts for comprehensive discrimination of phenotypically similar UTCs is still in urgent need.…”

Paper Sensor Modified with MoS2 for Detection of Dopamine Using a Machine-Intelligent Web App Interface

“…Hence, incorporation of different functional materials enhances the specificity and sensitivity of the sensing platform for the detection of DA in the presence of other biomolecules. In the present scenario, two-dimensional (2D) materials have been extensively utilized to fabricate ultrasensitive electrochemical sensors to quantify DA, as these materials exhibit selectivity and sensitivity toward the targeted biomolecule. ,− Two-dimensional materials have several inherent advantages, such as high surface-to-volume ratio, intralayer covalent bonding, and tunable optical and electronic properties . In this context, molybdenum disulfide (MoS 2 )-based electrochemical sensors are widely used as they exhibit excellent physical, chemical, and electronic properties.…”

Pattern Recognition and Visual Detection of Aldehydes Using a Single ESIPT Dye

“…In particular, the presence of these or other interference aldehydes at a high concentration would strongly negatively affect the FA sensing efficacy. Considering this, it is more reasonable to develop differential sensing methods (pattern recognition − ) for the discrimination of common aldehydes than to develop traditional selective FA sensors. − In this respect, the construction of a sensor array for aldehyde discrimination usually requires the synthesis of a large number of organic dyes to achieve cross-reactivity. It is therefore meaningful to develop reliable and cost-effective methods to construct a powerful sensor array for the discrimination of aldehydes.…”