Modified Reagents for Determination of Urea and Ammonia

Chaney, Albert L.; Marbach, Edward P.

doi:10.1093/clinchem/8.2.130

Cited by 3,335 publications

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“…Rumen fluid (5 mL) was then placed into tubes containing 1 mL of 25% metaphosphoric acid and 1 mL of 6% 2-ethyl butyric acid (internal standard) and stored at −20°C until analyzed for VFA and NH 3 . After thawing, rumen fluid was centrifuged 3 times at 4,000 × g for 30 min at 4°C to obtain a clear supernatant, which was analyzed for NH 3 according to Chaney and Marbach (1962). Supernatant was filtered through a 0.45-μm polypropylene membrane before being analyzed for VFA molar concentration by GC (Yang and Varga, 1989).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Straw particle size in calf starters: Effects on digestive system development and rumen fermentation

Suarez-Mena

Heinrichs

Jones

et al. 2016

Journal of Dairy Science

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Two trials were conducted to determine effects of straw particle size in calf starter on rumen fermentation and development in calves. Holstein calves (n=17 in trial 1; n=25 in trial 2) were housed in individual pens; bedding (wood shavings) was covered with landscape fabric to completely avoid consumption of bedding. Milk replacer was fed at 12% of birth body weight per day and water offered free choice. Calves were randomly assigned to 4 treatments differing in geometric mean particle length (Xgm) of straw comprising 5% of starter dry matter. Straw was provided within the pellet at manufacture (PS; 0.82 mm Xgm) or mixed with the pellet at time of feeding at Xgm of 3.04 (SS), 7.10 (MS), or 12.7 (LS) mm. Calves (n=12; 3/treatment) in trial 1 were fitted with a rumen cannula by wk 2 of age. A fixed amount of starter that was adjusted with age and orts were fed through the cannula in cannulated calves. Calves were euthanized 6 wk after starter was offered (9 and 7 wk of age for trials 1 and 2, respectively). Rumen digesta pH linearly decreased with age, whereas volatile fatty acid concentration increased with age. Overall pH had a cubic trend with SS lower than that of PS and MS. Molar proportion of acetate decreased with age whereas propionate proportion increased. Overall molar proportions of volatile fatty acids were not affected by diet. Fecal Xgm was not different in spite of changes in diet particle size and rumen digesta of PS being greater than SS, MS, and LS at slaughter. Fecal pH and starch concentration were not affected by diet; however, pH decreased whereas starch content increased with age. Weight of stomach compartments, rumen papillae length and width, and rumen wall thickness did not differ between diets. Omasum weight as a percentage of body weight at harvest linearly decreased as straw particle size increased. Under the conditions of this study, modifying straw particle length in starter grain resulted in minimal rumen fermentation parameter changes and no changes in rumen development. Rumen pH and fermentation changes with age were likely effects of increasing starter intake.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Straw particle size in calf starters: Effects on digestive system development and rumen fermentation

Suarez-Mena

Heinrichs

Jones

et al. 2016

Journal of Dairy Science

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“…At the end of the trial, one plasma aliquot was sent to APC, Inc. for IgG (Etzel et al, 1997) and total protein analyses (Smith et al, 1985). Remaining plasma aliquot was analyzed at Virginia Tech for urea N (Chaney and Marbach, 1962;Weatherburn, 1967). (Foley and Otterby, 1978) are reported for comparison only.…”

Section: Sampling and Laboratory Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of Pooled Colostrum or Colostrum Replacement on IgG and Evaluation of Animal Plasma in Milk Replacer

Jones

James

Quigley³

et al. 2004

Journal of Dairy Science

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Newborn Holstein (n = 48) and Jersey (n = 30) calves were studied to compare absorption of immunoglobulin G (IgG) from maternal colostrum (n = 39) or colostrum replacement containing an Ig concentrate derived from bovine serum (n = 39). Calves were also fed milk replacer with (n = 38) or without (n = 40) animal plasma (20% of crude protein) to 29 d of age to determine effect of plasma protein on IgG status, health, and growth. Calves were fed maternal colostrum or colostrum replacement at 1.5 and 13.5 h of age and provided a total of 250 or 249 and 180 or 186 g of IgG for Holsteins and Jerseys fed maternal colostrum or colostrum replacement, respectively. Milk replacer (12.5% DM) was fed at 31% of metabolic birth weight (2 feedings/d). Plasma was sampled at 0 h, 24 h, and weekly to determine IgG by turbidimetric immunoassay. At blood collection, calves were weighed and measured to determine growth. Health scores, fecal scores, and grain intake were measured daily. Plasma IgG at 24 h did not differ between calves fed maternal colostrum (13.78 +/- 0.39 g/ L) and colostrum replacement (13.96 +/- 0.38 g/L). Average daily gain, withers height, hip height, body length, heart girth, health, and incidence of diarrhea were not different between treatment groups. Calves fed maternal colostrum used feed more efficiently than calves fed colostrum replacement. Plasma IgG and performance were not affected by the addition of animal plasma to milk replacer. The colostrum replacement used in this study provided adequate IgG for newborn calves. Animal plasma was an acceptable source of protein but did not enhance growth or immunity under the conditions of this study.

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“…Slurry NH3-N concentration was determined according to the method of Chaney and Marbach (1962). Slurry VFA concentration was analyzed as the method described by Otto et al (2003): 2 g slurry samples were obtained and diluted with 8 mL of distilled water.…”

Section: Sampling and Measurementsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of soybean hull supplementation to finishing pigs on the emission of noxious gases from slurry

Wang¹,

Chen²,

Cho³

et al. 2009

Animal Science Journal

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Ninety six pigs were assigned on the basis of body weight (BW) to one of four dietary treatments (4 pigs per pen and 6 pens per treatment) and fed for 4 weeks. Four 14.85% CP diets were formulated to contain graded levels of soybean hulls at 0, 5, 10, or 15%, respectively. The results showed that treatments did not affect growth performance. Coefficient of total tract apparent digestibility (CTTAD) for dry matter (DM) and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) concentrations were decreased linearly (P < 0.05) with the addition level of soybean hulls. Slurry ammonia nitrogen (NH(3)-N) was not affected with the increased soybean hulls levels, but volatile fatty acids (VFA) were linearly (P < 0.05) increased. Slurry pH and ammonia (NH(3)) emissions were significantly decreased by the addition of soybean hulls (Linear, P < 0.05). Conversely, slurry hydrogen sulphide (H(2)S) emissions exhibited an increase with the addition of soybean hulls (Linear, P < 0.10). Our data indicate that soybean hulls inclusion can decrease slurry pH value and NH(3) emission without any negative influence on growth performance.

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Modified Reagents for Determination of Urea and Ammonia

Abstract: Combinations of reagents are described for the catalyzed indophenol reaction for the determination of ammonia, which produces a stable blue color. The procedure is adapted to the determination of urea after hydrolysis with urease.

Cited by 3,335 publications

References 0 publications

Straw particle size in calf starters: Effects on digestive system development and rumen fermentation

Straw particle size in calf starters: Effects on digestive system development and rumen fermentation

Influence of Pooled Colostrum or Colostrum Replacement on IgG and Evaluation of Animal Plasma in Milk Replacer

Effect of soybean hull supplementation to finishing pigs on the emission of noxious gases from slurry

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