Straw particle size in calf starters: Effects on digestive system development and rumen fermentation

Suarez-Mena, F.X.; Heinrichs, A.J.; Jones, Coleen; Hill, T.M.; Quigley, J.D.

doi:10.3168/jds.2015-9884

Cited by 37 publications

(38 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…Longer particle size improved performance [8], probably because of the increased rumination time of calves, which increased saliva production, and consequently improved buffering effect on the ruminal environment [63,64]. However, inconsistent results have been obtained by Omidi-Mirzaei [65] and Suárez-Mena [66]. Omidi-Mirzaei et al [65] reported that when calves were fed forage with different particle size (alfalfa hay: short = 1.96 mm or long = 3.93 mm; and wheat straw: short = 2.03 mm or long = 4.10 mm as geometric mean), rumination time increased in calves fed forage with long particle size, but concentrate DMI, ADG, and FE were not affected.…”

Section: Forage Physical Forms and Processingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Omidi-Mirzaei et al [65] reported that when calves were fed forage with different particle size (alfalfa hay: short = 1.96 mm or long = 3.93 mm; and wheat straw: short = 2.03 mm or long = 4.10 mm as geometric mean), rumination time increased in calves fed forage with long particle size, but concentrate DMI, ADG, and FE were not affected. Suárez-Mena et al [66] compared four different particle sizes (0.82, 3.04, 7.10, and 12.7 mm as geometric mean) of low-quality forage (5% straw) mixed in the diet and observed no effect on DMI, growth performance, and minimal changes in rumen fermentation and pH among treatments. In summary, these results imply that interactions may exist among forage source, level, and particle size, and the optimal inclusion level of forage should be determined based on the forage source and particle size.…”

Section: Forage Physical Forms and Processingmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Review: How Forage Feeding Early in Life Influences the Growth Rate, Ruminal Environment, and the Establishment of Feeding Behavior in Pre-Weaned Calves

Xiao

Alugongo

et al. 2020

Animals

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The provision of forage to pre-weaned calves has been continuously researched and discussed by scientists, though results associated with calf growth and performance have remained inconsistent. Multiple factors, including forage type, intake level, physical form, and feeding method of both solid and liquid feed, can influence the outcomes of forage inclusion on calf performance. In the current review, we summarized published literature in order to get a comprehensive understanding of how early forage inclusion in diets affects calf growth performance, rumen fermentation, microbiota composition, and the development of feeding behavior. A small amount of good quality forage, such as alfalfa hay, supplemented in the diet, is likely to improve calf feed intake and growth rate. Provision of forage early in life may result in greater chewing (eating and ruminating) activity. Moreover, forage supplementation decreases non-nutritive oral and feed sorting behaviors, which can help to maintain rumen fluid pH and increase the number of cellulolytic bacteria in the rumen. This review argues that forage provision early in life has the potential to affect the rumen environment and the development of feeding behavior in dairy calves. Continued research is required to further understand the long-term effects of forage supplementation in pre-weaned calves, because animal-related factors, such as feed selection and sorting, early in life may persist until later in adult life.

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Section: Forage Physical Forms and Processingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Forage Physical Forms and Processingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Review: How Forage Feeding Early in Life Influences the Growth Rate, Ruminal Environment, and the Establishment of Feeding Behavior in Pre-Weaned Calves

Xiao

Alugongo

et al. 2020

Animals

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…This can be achieved using a feeding regimen aimed at early rumen development (ERD), which includes feeding both roughage and concentrate from an early age onward. An increase in rumen volume and weight is stimulated by the feeding of fibrous feeds, whereas the development of rumen papillae is stimulated by volatile fatty acids and therefore by less fibrous feeds Suarez-Mena et al, 2016).…”

Section: Rumen Developmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Invited review: Abomasal damage in veal calves

Bus

Stockhofe

Webb

2019

Journal of Dairy Science

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Within all cattle production systems, veal calves are the most severely affected by abomasal damage, with current prevalence at slaughter ranging from 70 to 93% of all animals affected. Although most damage is found in the pyloric region of the abomasum, fundic lesions are also found. Despite past research into the etiology of abomasal damage and the many risk factors that have been proposed, consensus on the causal factors of abomasal damage in veal calves has not yet been reached. The aim of this review was to integrate and analyze available information on the etiology of, and possible risk factors for, abomasal damage in veal calves. We describe various proposed pathways through which risk factors may contribute to damage formation and conclude that the etiology of abomasal damage is most likely multifactorial, with diet being a main contributor. Pyloric lesions, the most common type of damage in veal calves, are likely the result of large and infrequent milk and solid feed meals, whereas fundic lesions may be caused by stress, although the evidence for this is inconclusive. Providing calves with multiple smaller milk and solid feed meals (or ad libitum provision) may decrease abomasal damage. In future research, ulcers, erosions, and scars as well as fundic and pyloric lesions should be recorded separately, because etiologies of these may differ. Further research is required to understand the exact pathway(s) by which milk replacer causes abomasal damage in veal calves; that is, whether low abomasal pH, overloading, or composition are important. Further research is also required to elucidate whether rapid intake of milk replacer and solid feed, which is influenced by restricted amounts fed, inter-calf competition, and calf breed, increases abomasal damage. Research is also needed into the effect of medication and nutrient deficiencies other than iron. The types of experimental designs that can be used for future research could be enhanced if a means to assess abomasal damage antemortem is developed. We conclude that it is unlikely that abomasal or ruminal hairballs, iron deficiency, water provision, and various infections and diseases are significant contributors to abomasal damage in veal calves.

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“…The VFAs that are products of the fermentation of diets are essential to the rumen papillae development and nutrient source for host requirements (15). In ruminants, VFA produced in the rumen meets 70–80% of the energy requirement for the rumen epithelia, and 50–70% of the energy requirement for the body (16).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Signature Microbiota Driving Rumen Function Shifts in Goat Kids Introduced Solid Diet Regimes

Chai

Diao

et al. 2019

Preprint

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22The feeding regime of early supplementary solid diet improved rumen 23 development and ruminant production. However, the signature microbiota linking 24 dietary regimes to rumen function shifts and hosts are still unclear. We analyzed the 25 rumen microbiome and functions affected by supplementation of solid diet using a 26 combination of machine learning algorithms. The volatile fatty acids (i.e., acetate, 27 propionate and butyrate) fermented by microbes increased significantly in the 28 supplementary solid diet groups. The predominant genera altered significantly from 29 unclassified Sphingobacteriaceae (non-supplementary group) to Prevotella 30 (supplementary solid diet groups) RandomForest classification model revealed 31 signature microbiota for solid diet that positively correlated with macronutrient intake, 32 and linearly increased with volatile fatty acids production. The nutrient specific 33 bacteria for carbohydrate and protein were also identified. According to FishTaco 34 analysis, a set of intersecting core species contributed with rumen function shifts by 35 solid diet. The core community structures consisted of specific signature microbiota 36 and their symbiotic partners are manipulated by extra nutrients from concentrate 37 and/or forage, and then produce more volatile fatty acids to promote rumen 38 development and functions eventually host development. Our study provides 39 mechanism of microbiome governing by solid diet and highlights the signatures 40 microbiota for animal health and production. 41 Importance 42Small ruminants are essential protein sources for human, so keeping them health and 43 3 increasing their production are important. The microbial communities resided in 44 rumen play key roles to convert fiber resources to human food. Moreover, rumen 45 physiology experience huge changes after birth, and understanding its microbiome 46 roles could provide insights for other species. Recently, our studies and others have 47 shown that diet changed rumen microbial composition and goat performance. In this 48 study, we identified core community structures that were affected by diet and 49 associated to the rumen development and goat production. This outcome could 50 potentially allow us to select specific microbiome to improve rumen physiology and 51 functions, maintain host health and benefit animal production. Therefore, it gives a 52 significant clue that core microbiome manipulation by feeding strategies can increase 53 animal products. To our knowledge, we firstly used FishTaco for determination of 54 link between signatures abundances and rumen function shifts. 55 Keywords: goats, rumen microbiota, solid diet, rumen development, neutral detergent 56 fibers, volatile fatty acids 57 58 4 Introduction 59 With the development of next generation sequencing, the roles of gut 60 microbiome have been dramatically understood. The early life diet, especially 61 introduction of solid diet, is an important driver in shaping long-term and adult gut 62 microbiome profiles due...

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Straw particle size in calf starters: Effects on digestive system development and rumen fermentation

Cited by 37 publications

References 31 publications

Review: How Forage Feeding Early in Life Influences the Growth Rate, Ruminal Environment, and the Establishment of Feeding Behavior in Pre-Weaned Calves

Review: How Forage Feeding Early in Life Influences the Growth Rate, Ruminal Environment, and the Establishment of Feeding Behavior in Pre-Weaned Calves

Invited review: Abomasal damage in veal calves

The Signature Microbiota Driving Rumen Function Shifts in Goat Kids Introduced Solid Diet Regimes

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