Modified cellulose morphologies and its composites; SEM and TEM analysis

Krishnamachari, Parakalan; Hashaikeh, Raed; Tiner, Mike

doi:10.1016/j.micron.2011.05.001

Cited by 49 publications

(31 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…This structure can be broken down by chemical or mechanical methods to obtain nanoscale cellulose materials that have superior properties when compared to pulp fibers in the micrometer range. 22,25 The CNCs are obtained from various vegetable fibers, and according to the vegetal origin and the method applied, such as the conditions of acid hydrolysis, different geometric characteristics can be obtained. [25][26][27][28][29] Obtaining the CNCs via acid hydrolysis ( Figure 3) involves the removal of the amorphous cellulose domains by means of an acid attack, under controlled conditions, but keeping the crystalline region intact.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…22,25 The CNCs are obtained from various vegetable fibers, and according to the vegetal origin and the method applied, such as the conditions of acid hydrolysis, different geometric characteristics can be obtained. [25][26][27][28][29] Obtaining the CNCs via acid hydrolysis ( Figure 3) involves the removal of the amorphous cellulose domains by means of an acid attack, under controlled conditions, but keeping the crystalline region intact. [26][27][28] The crystalline part of the cellulose, which is resistant and insoluble, promotes an incomplete acid hydrolysis reaction.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Drying techniques applied to cellulose nanofibers

Zimmermann

Borsoi

Lavoratti

et al. 2016

Journal of Reinforced Plastics and Composites

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Nanotechnology applied to cellulosic fibers has quickly become an interdisciplinary field with great interest in the application as reinforcement in polymer composites, mainly due to the abundance of these raw materials, and to their mechanical properties and multifunctionality. However, one of the critical points to obtain individualized cellulose nanofibers is the drying technique (dehydration), since most of the nanofiber processes are performed in the liquid phase. According to the methodology applied to the cellulose water dehydration process, various morphologies and properties can be obtained in the cellulose fibers. This review study aims to discuss the main processes used to obtain nanocellulose (chemical and mechanical) and the drying techniques applied to nanocellulose structures, such as conventional oven drying, freeze drying (lyophilization), supercritical extraction, and spray drying.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Drying techniques applied to cellulose nanofibers

Zimmermann

Borsoi

Lavoratti

et al. 2016

Journal of Reinforced Plastics and Composites

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“…TEM images of cured nanocomposites, shown in Figure and Figure S1 (Supporting Information), indicate that m‐NCs form interlaced densely packed laminar agglomerated structures as a consequence of strong H‐bonding among cellulose nanocrystals . TEM images of the UPe/NC‐OA(b), UPe/NC‐LO(b), and UPe/NC‐SO(b) (Figure a–c) show the presence of the NC agglomerates of higher dimensions (≈1.174 µm), compared to the composites loaded with m‐NC modified via MA/EDA cross‐linker (≈0.967 µm, Figure d–f).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 97%

Cross‐Linkable Modified Nanocellulose/Polyester Resin‐Based Composites: Effect of Unsaturated Fatty Acid Nanocellulose Modification on Material Performances

Rušmirović

Rančić

Pavlović

et al. 2018

Macro Materials & Eng

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Unsaturated fatty acid (FA)–modified nanocellulose (m‐NC) shows potential application in improving mechanical properties of unsaturated polyester/m‐NC nanocomposites (UPe/m‐NC). A polyester matrix is obtained by polycondensation of maleic anhydride and products of poly(ethylene terephthalate) depolymerization with propylene glycol. Two methods of NC modification are performed: direct esterification with oleic acid, linseed, or sunflower oil FAs, and esterification/amidation with maleic acid/ethylene diamine (MA/EDA) bridging group followed by amidation with methyl ester of FAs. Increases of stress at break in the ranges from 148.8% to 181.4% and from 155.8% to193.0% for UPe/m‐NC composites loaded with 1 wt% of NC modified directly or via MA/EDA cross‐linker, respectively, are obtained. Results of the modeling of tensile modulus, by using the Cox–Krenchel model, show good agreement with experimentally obtained data. The effect of FAs' cross‐linking capabilities on the dynamic‐mechanical and thermal properties of the UPe/m‐NC is studied. Cross‐linking density, modulus, and Tg of the nanocomposite show appropriate relation with the unsaturation extent/structure of NC modification.

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“…The ultrafine network structure and larger specific surface area provided favourable channels for O 2 transmission. The high-resolution TEM image further revealed that these nanofibers were mainly consisted of randomly orientated 3D web-like structure (Figure 5b) [27]. Figure 5c showed that c-MWCNTs was absorbed on 3D BC fibrils in which c-MWCNTs displayed the phenomenon of aggregation.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biosynthesis of Bacterial Cellulose/Carboxylic Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes for Enzymatic Biofuel Cell Application

Feng

Wang

et al. 2016

Materials

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Novel nanocomposites comprised of bacterial cellulose (BC) with carboxylic multi-walled carbon nanotubes (c-MWCNTs) incorporated into the BC matrix were prepared through a simple method of biosynthesis. The biocathode and bioanode for the enzyme biological fuel cell (EBFC) were prepared using BC/c-MWCNTs composite injected by laccase (Lac) and glucose oxidase (GOD) with the aid of glutaraldehyde (GA) crosslinking. Biosynthesis of BC/c-MWCNTs composite was characterized by digital photos, scanning electron microscope (SEM), and Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR). The experimental results indicated the successful incorporation of c-MWCNTs into the BC. The electrochemical and biofuel performance were evaluated by cyclic voltammetry (CV) and linear sweep voltammetry (LSV). The power density and current density of EBFCs were recorded at 32.98 µW/cm3 and 0.29 mA/cm3, respectively. Additionally, the EBFCs also showed acceptable stability. Preliminary tests on double cells indicated that renewable BC have great potential in the application field of EBFCs.

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Modified cellulose morphologies and its composites; SEM and TEM analysis

Cited by 49 publications

References 31 publications

Drying techniques applied to cellulose nanofibers

Drying techniques applied to cellulose nanofibers

Cross‐Linkable Modified Nanocellulose/Polyester Resin‐Based Composites: Effect of Unsaturated Fatty Acid Nanocellulose Modification on Material Performances

Biosynthesis of Bacterial Cellulose/Carboxylic Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes for Enzymatic Biofuel Cell Application

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