Modified bentonite as catalyst for esterification of oleic acid and ethanol

Preparation and Characterization of Montmorillonite-Cetyl Trimethylammonium Bromide

“…Short chain alkyl ammonium ions arranged in a monolayer and long-chain alkyl ammonium ions arranged in a bilayer with alkyl chains parallel to the silicate layers [15,16]. The addition of an excessive concentration of surfactant will form the arrangement of different CTA + ions are monolayer, bilayer, pseudo trimolecular layer, paraffin monolayer and bilayer paraffin [17,18]. Based on the our results, the arrangements of the intercalated CTA + in the interlayer of montmorillonite was laterally monolayer.…”

Optimization of catalytic hydrodeoxygenation of oleic acid into biofuel using fluoroplatinum oxalate zeolite supported catalyst

“…The bands at 280, 330, 405, 490, 700, 977, 1030 and 1150 cm À1 are typical of zeolite A having 4-, 6-, 8-and probably 12-membered rings [31]. Previous reports [20,31] have assigned the band at 280 cm À1 in the Zeol sample to the bending mode of rings higher than 4-and 6-membered rings, possibly of the eight membered rings of zeolite A since higher rings give bands at lower wavenumber and vice versa. Similarly, the bands at 330 and 405 cm À1 are due to the bending mode of 6-membered Si-O-Al rings while the strongest band at 490 cm À1 is assigned to the bending mode of four-membered Si-O-Al rings [20,31].…”

“…Since the presence of water molecules usually cause agglomeration of active metals in zeolite lattice structure resulting in loss of catalytic activity [33], the disappearance of those water molecule bands further confirmed the high Pt dispersion earlier discussed in the XRD result (Section 3.1.5). Previous studies [20,26] also showed that appropriate thermal treatment guarantees high metal dispersion in supported catalysts. According to those reports, the presence of such metals are usually observed toward the lower wavenumber as seen in the spectrum of FPtOx/Zeol which showed significant mismatch from the Zeol spectrum after 1209 cm À1 (especially at 680 and 556 cm À1 ) indicating structural modification in FPtOx/Zeol caused by the intercalation of FPtOx specie.…”

“…5 shows the FTIR spectroscopy of the Zeol support and FPtOx/Zeol catalyst, the former reflects the vibration of the Si-OH and adsorbed water molecules in the region 3700-2900 cm À1 with a minimal around 3317 cm À1 . Another band which can be ascribed to the bending vibration of the adsorbed water molecules is seen at 1650 cm À1 [20]. The adsorbed water molecules in the region 3700-2900 and 1650 cm À1 can be seen to have disappeared in FPtOx/Zeol after calcinations which implied that the thermal treatment during the calcination stage was sufficient.…”

“…One way to achieve this is via functionalization with organic substrates such as oxalic acid (OxA) to form acidic platinum oxalate complex [14,20]. This catalyst is expected to exhibit the excellent qualities of organometallic catalysts such as high reactivity, main reaction(s) specific by minimizing side reactions and resistant to active metal leaching [21][22][23], in fact the enhanced acidity from the organic acid is expected to enhance the isomerization process [4,12,20]. Unfortunately, platinum oxalate is thermally unstable and can decompose (explosively) when exposed to extremely high temperatures [24].…”