Modified Au nanoparticles-imprinted sol–gel, multiwall carbon nanotubes pencil graphite electrode used as a sensor for ranitidine determination

Pencil Graphite Electrodes: A Versatile Tool in Electroanalysis

“…A certain length of the lead remains outside the pencil. In order to maintain a constant electroactive surface area the pencil holder is kept in upright position and always a constant length of the pencil rod is introduced in the solution to be analysed [ 10 , 11 , 21 , 24 , 25 , 43 – 45 , 49 – 61 ]. Other authors reported the direct connection of the PGE to the potentiostat cable [ 62 ] or the mounting of the PGE on an improvised electrode clip [ 63 ].…”

“…PGEs were pretreated potentiostatically by maintaining the electrode in an electrolyte for more than 30 s at a selected potential higher than 1.3 V [ 9 , 53 , 55 , 56 , 60 , 70 , 99 – 101 , 105 , 192 , 193 ] or by scanning the potential at a given scan rate, for a certain number of cycles within a large potential range [ 2 , 57 , 58 , 61 , 69 , 103 , 106 , 188 , 194 ]. Some papers report a comparison between the two mentioned activation procedures and depending on the electrochemical performances obtained for the investigated analyte one of them was selected; for example, chronoamperometric activation of PGE was used for alkylphenols [ 50 ] and tannic acid [ 51 ] analysis and cyclic voltammetric activation of PGE for dopamine [ 21 ] and bisphenol A [ 54 ] detection.…”

“…On the other hand, molecular imprinting on nanomaterials, after template removal, will improve the analyte targeted accessibility to the electron transfer site at the electrode surface reducing the mass transfer resistance [ 148 ]. Rezaei et al [ 61 ] explain the role of each component in the stepwise development of modified Au nanoparticles-imprinted sol-gel-MWCNTs-PGE sensitive to ranitidine.…”

“…Materials of the MWCNTs-MIP-template adduct type were usually obtained by molecular imprinting on nanostructures and can be easily covered onto PGEs [ 61 , 65 , 67 , 111 , 116 , 117 , 136 , 148 , 150 , 159 – 161 ]. Applications and performance characteristics of the above-mentioned and also other modified PGEs are listed in Table 3 .…”

Development of Sudan II sensor based on modified treated pencil graphite electrode with DNA, o-phenylenediamine, and gold nanoparticle bioimprinted polymer

“…The ease of preparation, low cost, ability to 'tailor' recognition material for target analytes, and stability under harsh conditions make MIPs attractive as recognition elements for electrochemical sensors [18,19]. Recently, MIPs have been widely used as selective components for the development of electrochemical sensors, which can be synthesized in situ on the electrode surface by electropolymerization technique [20,21]. Bulk polymerization methods suffer from some intrinsic limitations, such as the poor site accessibility, time-consuming, high diffusion barrier, and complicated preparation process [22].…”