Modifications of sleep structure by brief forced awakenings at different times of the night

Foret, Jean; Touron, N.; Clodoré, M.; Benoît, O; Bouard, G

doi:10.1016/0013-4694(90)90167-i

Cited by 13 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…Previous studies have shown that episodes of intermittent awakening from sleep have a significant effect on the REM sleep that occurs subsequently. 10,11,40,41 REM latencies are shortened and REM durations are lengthened in the REM periods that follow such awakenings. 42 These changes have been considered to represent a rebound of REM sleep that results from REM sleep suppression that is imposed by the period of wakefulness.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…A post-hoc analysis was conducted on REM and NREM episodes that followed a sleep interruption. In order to be consistent with previous studies on the effect of awakenings on sleep cycles, 10,11,12 this analysis was conducted on cycles following at least 10 minutes of wakefulness (stage 0). A sleep-onset REM period (SOREM) was defined as one having a REM latency shorter than 25 minutes.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Homeostatic Regulation of REM Sleep in Humans During Extended Sleep

Barbato

Wehr

1998

Sleep

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Benington and Heller (1994) recently proposed a sleep-dependent model for the homeostatic control of REM sleep in which the amount of REM sleep propensity discharged in each bout of REM sleep affects the timing of the subsequent REM episode. Consistent with their hypothesis, they reported that in rats the duration of a REM episode was positively correlated with the duration of the succeeding NREM episode and not with the duration of the preceding NREM episode. To assess this hypothesis in humans, we used 308 sleep records from 11 subjects who remained at bedrest in the dark and slept ad libitum during 14-hour periods each night for 4 weeks. The timing of the onset of the first REM episode of the long night was linked to the timing of sleep onset. NREM-REM cycle duration decreased progressively throughout the night as a result of a progressive decrease in duration of the NREM component. Durations of REM sleep episodes correlated significantly with durations of subsequent NREM episodes in three out of the eight rank cycles analyzed (p < .0031, Bonferroni corrected); positive correlation coefficients were found for all the remaining cycles, but were not statistically significant when the conservative Bonferroni correction of the alpha level was applied. With the exception of the first sleep cycle, durations of REM sleep episodes did not correlate with durations of preceding NREM sleep episodes. According to the present results, the amount of REM sleep in one episode controls the time of occurrence of the next REM episode when the impact of other possible regulating factors are at a low level. We hypothesize that the extended dark/rest period, by increasing the time window allowed for sleep, provided a condition under which the systems governing REM sleep expression were free of the masking imposed by the conventional 16 hours light/8 hours dark schedule that consolidates and compresses sleep.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Homeostatic Regulation of REM Sleep in Humans During Extended Sleep

Barbato

Wehr

1998

Sleep

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“…A direct test of whether the processing leading to incorporation improves consolidation might be obtained by provoking only one awakening per night in different stages and cycles of sleep, and comparing the long‐term retention (for example, the next morning) of (a) contents incorporating and not incorporating presleep stimuli, and (b) presleep stimuli subsequently incorporated and not subsequently incorporated into dream experience. In this way, the substantial modification of sleep organization entailed by multiple awakenings (Foret et al . 1990) could be avoided, enabling more reliable observation of consolidation effects.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Active processing of declarative knowledge during REM‐sleep dreaming

Cipolli

Bolzani

Tuozzi

et al. 2001

Journal of Sleep Research

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The ability to process recently acquired knowledge is clearly maintained during sleep. Here we assess whether and how far the sleeper controls this processing (in a non‐volitional and non‐conscious manner). We posit that during sleep, the cognitive concerns of previous waking may guide access to, and processing of, items of declarative knowledge with which those concerns are associated. In a delayed recall task, before each of three sleep onsets in the same night, 12 subjects heard a different nonsense sentence. When awakened in rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, they were asked to report their dream experience and to recall the last sentence heard. Occurrences of incorporation into dream content were more frequent for this sentence than for the sentences heard before previous sleep onsets, and also more frequent than occurrences of similar contents in reports from a control night. However, the modalities of elaboration of dream contents did not vary. These findings indicate that cognitive concern can affect the accessing of recently acquired declarative knowledge during sleep, but not the modalities by which this is inserted into dream content. They also suggest that cognitive concern may help consolidate knowledge by increasing the likelihood of it being processed during sleep.

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“…As noted by Webb (1978), “Except for the ‘Last Great Sleep’, for each onset of sleep there is an awakening.” While numerous studies have examined the sequelae of forced awakenings from sleep ( Campbell 1987; Cipolli and Poli 1992; Foret et al . 1990 ; Lavie 1986; Rosenthal et al .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…As noted by Webb (1978),``Except for the`Last Great Sleep', for each onset of sleep there is an awakening.'' While numerous studies have examined the sequelae of forced awakenings from sleep (Campbell 1987;Cipolli and Poli 1992;Foret et al 1990;Lavie 1986;Rosenthal et al 1996;Zepelin et al 1984), relatively little attention has been focused on spontaneous awakenings at the end of a sleep episode SUMMARY The stage from which the spontaneous ending of sleep occurred was investigated in 138 sleep episodes obtained from 14 younger (19±28 years) and 11 older (60±82 years) individuals. The possible in¯uences of circadian phase and quality of the preceding sleep period, as well as the impact of aging on characteristics of sleep termination were examined.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Age differences in the spontaneous termination of sleep

Murphy

Rogers

Campbell

2000

Journal of Sleep Research

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The stage from which the spontaneous ending of sleep occurred was investigated in 138 sleep episodes obtained from 14 younger (19–28 years) and 11 older (60–82 years) individuals. The possible influences of circadian phase and quality of the preceding sleep period, as well as the impact of aging on characteristics of sleep termination were examined. Under experimental conditions in which subjects were isolated from time cues, and behavioral options to sleep were limited, no age‐associated differences in the duration of sleep periods, or in the number or duration of REM episodes were observed. Despite similar percentages of NREM (stages 2–4) and REM sleep across age groups, younger subjects awakened preferentially from REM while older subjects did not. Of the sleep episodes obtained from older subjects, those with sleep efficiencies higher than the median were more likely to terminate from REM than those with lower sleep efficiencies. For all subjects, the REM episodes from which sleep termination occurred were truncated relative to those that did not end the sleep period. In addition, nonterminating REM episodes that were interrupted by a stage shift were most often interrupted by brief arousals to stage 0. Such arousals within nonterminating REM episodes occurred, on average, after a similar duration as the terminating point of sleep‐ending REM episodes. The results from this study demonstrate that there are age‐related differences in the sleep stage from which spontaneous awakenings occur, and that these differences may be due in part to the quality of the sleep period preceding termination. Findings regarding the characteristics of both terminating and nonterminating REM episodes are consistent with the notion that the neural and biochemical context of REM sleep may facilitate a smooth transition to wakefulness. It is speculated that age‐associated changes in sleep continuity may render unnecessary the putative role of REM sleep in providing a ‘gate’ to wakefulness.

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Modifications of sleep structure by brief forced awakenings at different times of the night

Cited by 13 publications

References 11 publications

Homeostatic Regulation of REM Sleep in Humans During Extended Sleep

Homeostatic Regulation of REM Sleep in Humans During Extended Sleep

Active processing of declarative knowledge during REM‐sleep dreaming

Age differences in the spontaneous termination of sleep

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