Active processing of declarative knowledge during REM‐sleep dreaming

Cipolli, Carlo; Bolzani, Roberto; Tuozzi, Giovanni; Fagioli, Igino

doi:10.1046/j.1365-2869.2001.00268.x

Cited by 32 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 52 publications

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“…Clinically, Hartmann (1998a) has demonstrated that dreams often portray elements of a person's main emotional concerns (e.g., stress, trauma) even if visual or auditory details of a specific memory are absent. Experimentally, memory elements have been detected as the "dayresidues" of previous-day experiences (Cipolli, Bolzani, Tuozzi, & Fagioli, 2001; J. A.…”

Section: Memory Element Activationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Disturbed dreaming, posttraumatic stress disorder, and affect distress: A review and neurocognitive model.

Levin

Nielsen

2007

Psychological Bulletin

519

557

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Nightmares are common, occurring weekly in 4%-10% of the population, and are associated with female gender, younger age, increased stress, psychopathology, and dispositional traits. Nightmare pathogenesis remains unexplained, as do differences between nontraumatic and posttraumatic nightmares (for those with or without posttraumatic stress disorder) and relations with waking functioning. No models adequately explain nightmares nor have they been reconciled with recent developments in cognitive neuroscience, fear acquisition, and emotional memory. The authors review the recent literature and propose a conceptual framework for understanding a spectrum of dysphoric dreaming. Central to this is the notion that variations in nightmare prevalence, frequency, severity, and psychopathological comorbidity reflect the influence of both affect load, a consequence of daily variations in emotional pressure, and affect distress, a disposition to experience events with distressing, highly reactive emotions. In a cross-state, multilevel model of dream function and nightmare production, the authors integrate findings on emotional memory structures and the brain correlates of emotion.Keywords: nightmares, distress, neurophysiology of fear memory, posttraumatic stress disorder, psychopathology Nightmares are the most common form of disturbed dreaming. Vivid, with emotions escalating at times to the brink of terror, they are manifestations of the dramatic autonomic and cognitive fluctuations that can arise during rapid eye movement (REM) sleep and, under certain circumstances, during Stage 2 sleep. Nightmares can be simple and benign or so emotionally severe that they beg for comparison with psychotic episodes (C. Fisher, Byrne, Edwards, & Kahn, 1970;Hartmann, 1984;Sullivan, 1962). Occasional nightmares are almost ubiquitous in the general population. However, frequent distressing nightmares are more common than generally thought, affecting 4%-10% of individuals by conservative estimates. Nightmares are also extremely common following trauma exposure. Posttraumatic nightmares may depict traumarelated content and, in cases of chronic posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), may at times replicate the trauma with great distress (for review, see Mellman & Pigeon, 2005).There has been a proliferation of experimental work on posttraumatic and nontraumatic nightmares in the past 15 years, the vast majority of which has examined the psychopathological correlates of individuals with frequent nightmares. Furthermore, recent advances in neuroscience have greatly expanded our understanding of dreaming and related brain functions (Maquet, 2000;Maquet et al., 2000) as well as the pathogenic mechanisms implicated in fear conditioning and the development of PTSD (LeDoux, 2000;Ohman & Mineka, 2001). However, despite the clear implications of these developments for understanding nightmares, there are still no comprehensive models of nightmare etiology and no conceptual frameworks for understanding the link between posttraumatic and nontraumatic nightm...

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Section: Memory Element Activationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Disturbed dreaming, posttraumatic stress disorder, and affect distress: A review and neurocognitive model.

Levin

Nielsen

2007

Psychological Bulletin

519

557

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“…I too agree that we, as a field, are fast approaching a time when we have consistently and confidently explicated inimitable evidence of sleep-dependent learning and plasticity, and with this solid foundation in place, are ready to add new layers of experimental complexity which include a triangulation of behavior (performance), brain (sleep physiology and plasticity) and mind (dreaming). Early signs are already emerging (Cipolli et al 2001;. But we must proceed with rigor, and not fall into interpretive trappings.…”

Section: R6 Memory and Dreamingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Where is the classic interference theory for sleep and memory?

Coenen

2005

Behav Brain Sci

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Walker's target article proposes a refinement of the well known two-stage model of memory formation to explain the positive effects of sleep on consolidation. After a first stage in which a labile memory representation is formed, a further stabilisation of the memory trace takes place in the second stage, which is dependent on (REM) sleep. Walker has refined the latter stage into a stage in which a consolidation-based enhancement occurs. It is not completely clear what consolidation-based enhancement implies and how it can be dissociated from a stage for memory-stabilisation. A more serious consideration, however, is whether a second stage in memory consolidation that is solely dependent on sleep, is really necessary. The classical, passive, interference theory is able to explain adequately the findings related to the effects of sleep and memory, and can lead perhaps better to an understanding of the highly variable data in this field.

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“…69 The nonsense sentences (translated from the original Italian) are Here, in perhaps the clearest form possible, dreams provide a royal path to the unconscious.…”

Section: Incorporation Of Waking Events Into Dreamsmentioning

confidence: 99%