Modification to EPA Method 1623 to address a unique seasonal matrix effect encountered in some U.S. source waters

Shaw, Nancy J.; Villegas, Leah Fohl; Eldred, B.J.; Gaynor, Deborah H.; Warden, Paul S.; Pepich, Barry V.

doi:10.1016/j.mimet.2008.07.021

Cited by 11 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…Sedimentation of the water for 4 months at the Blankaart catchment site strongly reduced the concentration of (oo)cysts in the water and no (oo)cysts were detected in any of the treated water samples at any catchment sites. Although it cannot be excluded that n number of samples, R range, M mean, SD standard deviation, B Blankaart, D Dikkebus, G Gavers, Z Zillebeke, TW treated water, RW raw water, SW storage water low concentration of (oo)cysts in the treated water remained undetected by the relatively insensitive USEPA method 1623 (Zukerman and Tzipori 2006; Shaw et al 2008;Di Giorgio et al 2002), the results suggest that the applied treatment methods are effective. However, the presence of high numbers of (oo)cysts in surface water in winter and springtime poses a threat in case of failure of the filtration system.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Occurrence and potential health risk of Cryptosporidium and Giardia in different water catchments in Belgium

Ehsan

Geurden

Casaert

et al. 2015

Environ Monit Assess

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Human wastewater and livestock can contribute to contamination of surface water with Cryptosporidium and Giardia. In countries where a substantial proportion of drinking water is produced from surface water, e.g., Belgium, this poses a constant threat on drinking water safety. Our objective was to monitor the presence of Cryptosporidium and Giardia in different water catchment sites in Belgium and to discriminate between (oo)cysts from human or animal origin using genotyping. Monthly samples were collected from raw water and purified drinking water at four catchment sites. Cryptosporidium and Giardia were detected using USEPA method 1623 and positive samples were genotyped. No contamination was found in purified water at any site. In three catchments, only low numbers of (oo)cysts were recovered from raw water samples (<1/liter), but raw water samples from one catchment site were frequently contaminated with Giardia (92 %) and Cryptosporidium (96 %), especially in winter and spring. Genotyping of Giardia in 38 water samples identified the presence of Giardia duodenalis assemblage AI, AII, BIV, BIV-like, and E. Cryptosporidium andersoni, Cryptosporidium suis, Cryptosporidium horse genotype, Cryptosporidium parvum, and Cryptosporidium hominis were detected. The genotyping results suggest that agriculture may be a more important source of surface water contamination than human waste in this catchment. In catchment sites with contaminated surface water, such as the Blankaart, continuous monitoring of treated water for the presence of Cryptosporidium and Giardia would be justified and (point) sources of surface water contamination should be identified.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Occurrence and potential health risk of Cryptosporidium and Giardia in different water catchments in Belgium

Ehsan

Geurden

Casaert

et al. 2015

Environ Monit Assess

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“…The sediments collected on the filter membrane were first transferred into 15-ml conical centrifuge tube containing distilled water and centrifuge at 5000 rpm for 10 min. Finally, the sediment was prepared for direct observation of parasite cysts, trophozoites, and helminthes ova/eggs through microscopy examination [21].…”

Section: Parasitological Examination Techniquementioning

confidence: 99%

Quality and safety of municipal drinking water in Addis Ababa City, Ethiopia

Wolde

Jemal²,

Woldearegay

et al. 2020

Environ Health Prev Med

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Background:In low resourced countries, water-associated diseases have still impact on public health. Poor quality of water can cause waterborne diseases through bacteria, viruses, protozoa, and parasites that has been responsible for millions of morbidity and mortality. Therefore, this study aimed to assess quality and safety of public municipal drinking water in Addis Ababa City. Methods: Descriptive epidemiological study design that used quantitative approach was carried out at Addis Ababa City Administration from June 2016 to October 2016. Pre-tested and standardized aseptic sample collection technique was utilized to collect a total of 2976 samples (2951 water samples for bacteriological analysis by Presence-Absence (P-A) culturing method and 25 samples for parasites identification through direct microscopy examination). Descriptive data were summarized and cleaned by the SPSS version 20 software and presented in table and graph. Results: The study revealed that 10%, 7% and 3% were positive for bacteriological, total coliforms, and fecal coliforms respectively through Presence-Absence Broth test. The bacterial distribution trends from 1st to 13th weeks of wet season were slight increment of total coliforms and slight decrement for fecal coliforms. All tested for parasitological samples from selected reservoirs were free from parasitological species. Conclusion: This study reflects that there were positive for bacterial, total coliforms, and fecal coliforms during the study period. It needs continuous screening and treating water sources to utmost important for prevention and control waterborne disease.

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“…For Cryptosporidium oocysts and Giardia cysts, since recovery efficiency of the method used in this study is strongly affected by environmental matrices (Shaw et al, 2008), matrix spike samples seeded with 400 C. parvum oocysts and 400 G. duodenalis cysts, were prepared and analyzed for all sampling events to determine the percentage recoveries for each sample processed. Recovery rates were then used to adjust the concentrations of indigenous Cryptosporidium and Giardia (oo)cysts for each sample.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Determining Pathogen and Indicator Levels in Class B Municipal Organic Residuals Used for Land Application

et al. 2015

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Biosolids are nutrient-rich organic residuals that are currently used to amend soils for food production. Treatment requirements to inactivate pathogens for production of Class A biosolids are energy intensive. One less energy intensive alternative is to treat biosolids to Class B standards, but it could result in higher pathogen loads. Quantitative microbial risk assessments models have been developed on land application of Class B biosolids but contain many uncertainties because of limited data on specific pathogen densities and the use of fecal indicator organisms as accurate surrogates of pathogen loads. To address this gap, a 12-mo study of the levels and relationships between , , and human adenovirus (HAdV) with fecal coliform, somatic, and F-RNA coliphage levels in Class B biosolids from nine wastewater treatment plants throughout the United States was conducted. Results revealed that fecal coliform, somatic, and F-RNA coliphage densities were consistent throughout the year. More important, results revealed that HAdV ( = 2.5 × 10 genome copies dry g) and ( = 4.14 × 10 cysts dry g) were in all biosolids samples regardless of treatment processes, location, or season. oocysts were also detected (38% positive; range: 0-1.9 × 10 oocysts dry g), albeit sporadically. Positive correlations among three fecal indicator organisms and HAdV, but not protozoa, were also observed. Overall, this study reveals that high concentrations of enteric pathogens (e.g., , , and HAdV) are present in biosolids throughout the United States. Microbial densities found can further assist management and policymakers in establishing more accurate risk assessment models associated with land application of Class B biosolids.

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Modification to EPA Method 1623 to address a unique seasonal matrix effect encountered in some U.S. source waters

Cited by 11 publications

References 5 publications

Occurrence and potential health risk of Cryptosporidium and Giardia in different water catchments in Belgium

Occurrence and potential health risk of Cryptosporidium and Giardia in different water catchments in Belgium

Quality and safety of municipal drinking water in Addis Ababa City, Ethiopia

Determining Pathogen and Indicator Levels in Class B Municipal Organic Residuals Used for Land Application

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