Modification of type I collagen on TiO2 surface using electrochemical deposition

Old is Gold: Electrolyte Aging Influences the Topography, Chemistry, and Bioactivity of Anodized TiO2 Nanopores

“…Titanium (Ti) is an ideal material choice for orthopedic and dental implants due to its mechanical strength, biocompatibility, and corrosion resistance. − However, Ti is bioinert in nature, and this limited bioactivity may compromise osseointegration and wound healing at the implant–bone interface, especially in patients with inferior bone conditions. ,, Hence, to promote wound healing and tissue integration on the Ti implant surface, various surface modification techniques have been studied and employed. − The initial Ti implant surfaces were created by macroscale machining techniques to yield the “first-generation” implant surfaces, which were smooth at the microscale and showed limited bioactivity. , In order to enhance osseointegration, microscale physical modifications on Ti surfaces (such as micromachining and sand blasting-acid etching, SLA) have been applied by creating a microroughened surface (Ra = 1–2 μm). , To further enhance tissue integration and obtain a “bioactive” implant surface, various techniques have been applied to functionalize the microrough Ti surface. These include creating micro/nanoscale topographies and applying chemical (doping Ca 2+ ions/enhancing wettability, SLActive) or bioactive (protein immobilization) coatings. − …”

“…To fabricate controlled nanotopographies on Ti-based implants, various nanoengineering techniques have been employed, including hydrothermal treatment, layer-by-layer assembly, and electrochemical anodization (EA). ,,,,, Among these, EA is particularly appealing due to its scalability, cost-effectiveness, and ability to fabricate TiO 2 nanotubes/nanopores with great control over their characteristics. ,,, EA involves the supply of constant current/voltage to an electrochemical cell with an electrolyte containing water and fluoride ions, with the target substrate as the anode and a counter electrode (cathode). ,, Under optimized conditions, governed by a steady state reached via metal-oxide (TiO 2 ) formation and dissolution, nanotubes (gaps between tubes) or nanopores (tubes fused) are self-ordered onto the anodic Ti. ,,, …”

Protein–TiO2: A Functional Hybrid Composite with Diversified Applications

“…Collagen-MWCNT-Ti showed higher cell proliferation than the collagen-MWCNT composite, where TiO 2 was responsible for cell proliferation. Truc et al [94] studied the interaction between fibroblast and collagen modified on titanium (Ti) surface by electrochemical deposition (ECD), to reduce dental implant failure. They found that the Ti/Collagen hybrid composite showed rapid cell adhesion and proliferation.…”

Spectroscopic Methods Used in Implant Material Studies

“…Biocompatibility and cytotoxicity are crucial aspects to be considered during the processes of design and optimization of properties of a new implantable material. These properties were studied in vitro and in vivo regarding the influence of the material on the behavior of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells (e.g., proliferation, viability, and differentiation), which are, in most cases, chosen for the studies depending on the sight of implantation [104][105][106][107][108]. The most common methods to visualize the behavior of cells located in close proximity to the implant involve histopathologic staining [109][110][111] and fluorescence labeling [108,112,113].…”

“…Advances in modern medical engineering introduce different implant surface modifications [157] to enhance their biocompatibility. Collagen type I is one of the active agents used as a surface coating for orthopedic and dental titanium implants [104,107,108]. Ao et al described the influence of such a coating on the in vitro behavior of human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSC) and in vivo new bone formation [108].…”