Modifiable risk factors for cancer

Stein, Cynthia J.; Colditz, Graham A.

doi:10.1038/sj.bjc.6601509

Cited by 226 publications

(168 citation statements)

References 36 publications

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“…Various mechanisms of physical activity have been associated with several cancers, such as alterations in sex hormones and insulin growth factors, alterations in free radical generation, factors affecting body fat distribution, and direct effects on cancer (Shephard et al, 1995;Stein et al, 2004;Inoue et al, 2008;van Gils et al, 2009;Velthius et al, 2009). Exercise may act as an immune modulator that induces changes in the activity of macrophages, natural killer cells, lymphokine-activated killer cells, neutrophils, and regulating cytokines (Shephard et al, 1995).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Obesity, Diet and Physical Inactivity and Risk of Breast Cancer in Thai Women

Sangrajrang¹,

Chaiwerawattana²,

Ploysawang³

et al. 2013

Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention

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To evaluate the relationship between obesity, diet, physical activity and breast cancer in Thai women, we conducted a case control study with 1,130 cases and 1,142 controls. Informed consent was obtained from all participants and a structured questionnaire was performed by trained interviewers to collect information on demographic and anthropometric data, reproductive and medical history, residential history, physical activity and occupation as well as dietary habits. A significant positive association with an increased risk of breast cancer was observed in women body mass index (

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Obesity, Diet and Physical Inactivity and Risk of Breast Cancer in Thai Women

Sangrajrang¹,

Chaiwerawattana²,

Ploysawang³

et al. 2013

Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention

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“…Among the dietary improvements that can reduce the risk of cancer, Stein and Colditz (2004) highlighted the promising relationship between prostate cancer and tomatoes intake. Here, we wish to draw attention to Allium vegetables (i.e.…”

Section: Sirmentioning

confidence: 99%

Eating garlic and onion: a matter of life or death

Izzo

Capasso

2004

Br J Cancer

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“…[1][2][3] The relationships between modifiable lifestyle risk factors and cardiovascular disease 4 and cancer 5 are well established. Many individuals will have more than one lifestyle risk factor, yet few studies have investigated the impact of combinations of risk factors, particularly among middle-aged women.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of lifestyle in middle-aged women on mortality: evidence from the Royal College of General Practitioners' Oral Contraception Study

Iversen¹,

Hannaford²,

Lee³

et al. 2010

Br J Gen Pract

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BackgroundAlthough many individuals have multiple lifestyle risk factors, few studies have investigated the impact of lifestyle risk factor combinations among women. AimTo investigate the relationship between individual and combinations of lifestyle risk factors in middle-aged women with subsequent mortality, and to estimate the associated population attributable risks. Design of studyProspective cohort study. SettingRoyal College of General Practitioners' (RCGP) Oral Contraception Study, UK. MethodIn 1994-1995, women remaining under follow-up in the RCGP Oral Contraception Study were sent a lifestyle survey, from which modifiable risk factors were identified: pack-years smoked, physical inactivity, never drinking versus consuming at least 7 units of alcohol weekly, and being underweight, overweight, or obese. The cohort was followed to December 2006 or death. Population attributable risks were calculated. ResultsOf 10 059 women studied, 896 died. Pack-years smoked (11-20 years: adjusted hazard ratio [HR] = 1.82, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.46 to 2.27; >20 years: adjusted HR = 2.34, 95% CI = 2.00 to 2.74); never drinking alcohol (adjusted HR = 1.66, 95% CI = 1.34 to 2.05); being underweight (adjusted = HR 1.66, 95% CI = 1.03 to 2.68); and physical inactivity (<15 hours/week: adjusted HR = 1.73, 95% CI = 1.46 to 2.04) were significantly associated with mortality compared with their respective reference group. Women with multiple lifestyle risk factors had higher mortality risks than those reporting one factor. The population attributable risk of the combination of smoking, physical inactivity, body mass index outside normal range, and alcohol (never drinking or excess intake) was 59% (95% CI = 31% to 78%). ConclusionAssuming a causal relationship between lifestyle and mortality, avoidance of four lifestyle risk factors would have prevented 60% of the deaths. The importance of avoiding smoking and undertaking physical inactivity during midlife should continue to be emphasised.

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Modifiable risk factors for cancer

Cited by 226 publications

References 36 publications

Obesity, Diet and Physical Inactivity and Risk of Breast Cancer in Thai Women

Obesity, Diet and Physical Inactivity and Risk of Breast Cancer in Thai Women

Eating garlic and onion: a matter of life or death

Impact of lifestyle in middle-aged women on mortality: evidence from the Royal College of General Practitioners' Oral Contraception Study

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