Modes of Authorship and the Making of Medieval English Literature

Kraebel, A. B.

doi:10.1017/9781316717516.007

Cited by 20 publications

(1 citation statement)

References 123 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…Destabilized streambanks, loss of undercut banks, increased sediment transport, and other impacts due to loss of riparian vegetation (i.e., stream temperature) can be detrimental to habitat for fish and other aquatic and terrestrial biota (Platts 1981;Kauffman and Krueger 1984;Bjornn and Reiser 1991). By the latter part of the 1800s, areas such as the southwestern United States had experienced accelerated erosion and extensive gullying from excessive livestock grazing (Kraebel and Pillsbury 1934;Clary and Kruse 2004). Globally, many regions have also experienced overgrazing-related losses of instream and riparian habitat (Gilvear et al 2002;Phillips and Daly 2008;McAlpine et al 2009).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Livestock Exclusion on Stream Habitat and Aquatic Biota: A Review and Recommendations for Implementation and Monitoring

Krall

Roni

2023

N American J Fish Manag

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

To inform riparian restoration, research, and monitoring and to provide management recommendations, we reviewed published studies evaluating the physical and biological effectiveness of livestock exclusion and grazing reduction on various metrics in riparian and aquatic areas. We identified 95 North American studies that reported the effects of livestock grazing reduction on physical habitat (channel morphology, mesohabitats, substrate, and bank stability), biological assemblages (riparian vegetation, macroinvertebrates, fish, and birds), and water quality metrics (temperature, nitrates, phosphorus, and turbidity). Most studies reported that methods to reduce or exclude livestock decreased channel width, width-to-depth ratio, bank erosion, soil bulk density, bare ground, water temperature, nitrogen, and phosphorus and increased riparian vegetation (cover, height, productivity, biomass, and abundance), riparian bird abundance, and youngof-the-year fishes. Results for channel depth, instream substrate, mesohabitats, water depth, juvenile and adult fishes, and macroinvertebrates showed no consistent response to exclusion. Project success was influenced by the time since exclusion; whether there was complete exclusion or continued grazing; and local climate, geology, and soils. Apart from bank erosion and stability, most of the physical and biological metrics took more than a decade to respond to livestock exclusion. However, coupling exclusion with planting and other restoration measures decreased the recovery time. Complete exclusion of livestock produced more consistent improvements in riparian condition and other metrics than rest-rotation or other grazing management strategies. Understanding how physical and biological metrics respond to livestock exclusion will require (1) focused, long-term studies using before-after or before-after, control-impact designs; and (2) monitoring of metrics that most consistently respond to exclusion. Ultimately, the design of exclusions should be driven by local climate, geology, biophysical conditions, and management history. Our results highlight the need for watershedscale approaches to excluding livestock from broad areas and the need for implementation monitoring to ensure that fencing and other exclusion measures continue to exclude livestock and produce the desired responses.

show abstract