Modern Extraction and Cleanup Methods of Veterinary Drug Residues in Food Samples of Animal Origin

Abstract

Extensive research on the presence of veterinary drug residues in food samples has been conducted and is still underway. The inappropriate or excessive use of veterinary drugs in food producing animals may result in trace quantities of these drugs or their metabolites in food samples. Food contamination by veterinary drug residues is one of the main challenges worldwide to public health with drug resistance being the biggest threat. One of the challenges in veterinary drug residue analysis is their occurrence in trace amounts that are normally below limits of detection of most analytical instruments. Various efficient, economical, miniaturized and environmentally friendly extraction methods have been developed in recent years to pre-concentrate these analytes before instrumental analysis to enhance their detection and also to overcome the limitations of traditional extraction methods such as liquid-liquid extraction and solid phase extraction. These methods include quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged and safe (QuEChERS), molecularly imprinted polymers, dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction and hollow fiber liquid-phase microextraction, and they will be discussed in this chapter.

Validation of Multi-Residue Method for Quantification of Antibiotics and NSAIDs in Avian Scavengers by Using Small Amounts of Plasma in HPLC-MS-TOF

“…All these factors can influence analytical techniques for extraction and quantification [3]. This may explain the fact that published multiresidue analytical methods to quantify veterinary pharmaceutical levels in animal samples usually focus on a group of compounds (for a review, see [25]). Nevertheless, there is an increasing number of published methods for qualitative and quantitative analyses of veterinary drugs of different chemical classes in these complex matrices [26][27][28].…”

“…Nevertheless, there is an increasing number of published methods for qualitative and quantitative analyses of veterinary drugs of different chemical classes in these complex matrices [26][27][28]. In addition, another challenge in veterinary drug residue analysis is that these contaminants usually occur in trace concentrations, frequently below limits of detection of most analytical instruments [25]. An added limitation occurs in free-living wild birds, where the available sample amount can be low for some species, which forces the miniaturization of the extraction methods and can lead to lower efficiencies.…”

Screening of Enrofloxacin and Ciprofloxacin Residues in Chicken Meat by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography

“…Enrofloxacin and its metabolite ciprofloxacin is belongs from fluoroquinolone class. They are potent synthetic antibiotics that are extensively used in human and veterinary practices [1]. Enrofloxacin is a potent inhibitor of bacterial DNA Topoisomerase II (Gyrase) and the DNA Topoisomerase IV which are essential enzymes of cellular processes including DNA replication [2].…”

Rational Pharmacotherapy in Infectious Diseases: Issues Related to Drug Residues in Edible Animal Tissues

“…This poor management of the livestock carcasses can lead to antibiotic resistance in the scavengers that ingest them, such as vultures [69][70][71]. Therefore, this practice should be regulated to minimize the risk in scavenger birds [8].…”

“…Antibiotics rank third with 16% of sales [5]. The pharmacotoxicology and the patterns of tissue residues of different drugs used in livestock animals, which are beyond the scope of the current work, have been widely described in the literature [6][7][8]. To integrally assess the topic, this comprehensive review article addresses different aspects of drug residues in edible tissues produced as food for human consumption and provides relevant information contributing to rational pharmacotherapy in food-producing animals.…”