Validation of Multi-Residue Method for Quantification of Antibiotics and NSAIDs in Avian Scavengers by Using Small Amounts of Plasma in HPLC-MS-TOF

Abstract

Pharmaceuticals are still considered emerging pollutants affecting both aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems. Scavenging bird species may be exposed to veterinary drugs when they feed on livestock carcasses provided at supplementary feeding stations, as these are often stocked with ailing and/or recently medicated animals. Because those animals may be a source of several different pharmaceutical compounds, analytical methods to evaluate residue levels and exposure potential should enable detection and quantification of as many different compounds as possible, preferably from small sample volumes. Four different extraction methods were tested to conduct HPLC-MS-TOF analysis of some of the most common veterinary drugs used in livestock in Spain. The method deemed most viable was a simple extraction, using methanol and 100 µL of plasma, that allowed quantification of seven antibiotics (tetracycline, oxytetracycline, ciprofloxacin, enrofloxacin, nalidixic acid, trimethoprim, sulfadiazine) and five nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) (meloxicam, flunixin, carprofen, tolfenamic acid, phenylbutazone). The method was then applied to analysis of 29 Eurasian griffon vulture (Gyps fulvus) nestling samples, wherein enrofloxacin and tolfenamic acid were most commonly detected (69% and 20%, respectively). To our knowledge, this is the first study including NSAIDs in the exposure assessment of different classes of veterinary pharmaceuticals in live avian scavengers.

Fungal signatures of oral disease reflect environmental degradation in a facultative avian scavenger

“…On the contrary, we observed no nestling with oral lesions in Doñana, where black kites nest and forage in a comparatively wellconserved environment and mostly feed on wild prey. The appearance of the lesions was similar to that reported in several species of nestling vultures, which suffered from oral dysbiosis induced by early-life exposure to antibiotics and other pharmaceuticals when feeding on medicated livestock carrion (Blanco et al, 2016(Blanco et al, , 2017a(Blanco et al, , 2020Pitarch et al, 2017Pitarch et al, , 2020Gómez-Ramírez et al, 2020). However, the prevalence of lesions was lower in nestling black kites than in nestling vultures (Pitarch et al, 2017).…”

Blood Parasites in Sympatric Vultures: Role of Nesting Habits and Effects on Body Condition

“…Since the decline in the last decades of the extensive freely grazing ruminant herds, the three vulture species increasingly depend on carcasses from intensive livestock operations, mostly factory farms of swine and poultry [ 20 , 33 ]. Mostly provided at supplementary feeding stations for vulture consumption, these carcasses have been identified as the source of multiple pharmaceuticals [ 13 , 14 , 15 ], deemed an underlying cause behind the oral disease documented in nestlings of the three study species [ 14 , 16 , 34 ].…”

“…Vultures have many necrotizing and potentially pathogenic bacteria in their food, and gastrointestinal and skin microbiome, which may be kept at bay by a potentially highly evolved and upregulated immunity [ 11 , 12 ]. However, this balance may be broken by pollutants such as food-born pharmaceuticals, used in livestock for fighting against pathogens and their effects [ 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 ]. While the occurrence and health effects of bacterial and mycotic pathogens in vultures have attracted some attention [ 6 ], the effects on immunity of these increasingly common pollutants may be also reflected by temporal trends in blood parasite prevalence.…”

Analysis of NSAIDs in Rat Plasma Using 3D-Printed Sorbents by LC-MS/MS: An Approach to Pre-Clinical Pharmacokinetic Studies

“…Prior to instrumental analysis, pretreatment is necessary, which involves selecting a suitable method for extracting specific NSAIDs from complex biological matrices. Classical sample preparation techniques such as liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) [ 24 , 25 ], solid phase extraction (SPE) [ 26 , 27 ], solid phase microextraction (SPME) [ 28 ], dispersive solid phase extraction (d-SPE) [ 29 , 30 ], and QuEChERS have been successfully used for the extraction of NSAIDs from biological matrices [ 31 ]. It is critical to appropriately prepare samples for analytical methods to ensure suitable selectivity and sensitivity.…”