Modern Analytical Techniques for Drug Delivery Systems Characterization

Abstract

: Recently, different strategies such as personalized therapy, dose adjustment, therapy monitoring and targeted drug delivery (disease-specific localization), were adopted for improving efficacy ratio of medicines that are currently in use. From a therapeutical point of view, to reach the optimal concentrations in the organ or tissue to reach the optimal concentration from a therapeutic point of view, in the target organ or tissue, it is necessary to increase the administered dose, which is accompanied by an increase in the frequency and intensity of the side effects, many of them undesirable and distressing for the patient. Therefore, designing targeted delivery systems for a specific organ or tissue is the ideal solution, ensuring the necessary concentrations at the site of action and avoiding or at least significantly reducing the side effects. An overview of the modern analytical techniques currently used for the drug delivery systems characterization was intended in this review with a focus on those commonly used.

Electrochemical Sensing Device for Carboplatin Monitoring in Proof-of-Concept Drug Delivery Nanosystems

“…For the electrochemical method, a 1:1 dilution with 0.1 M PBS pH 5 was performed before testing, while for the spectrophotometric method no dilution was required. The CBP concentration was determined using the corresponding calibration curves and the encapsulation efficiency (EE%) and loading capacity (LC%) were calculated using the following equations [32]:…”

“…CBP concentration in the release media was determined using both the spectrophotometric method and the optimized electrochemical method. The cumulative mass of released CBP and the cumulative release was determined using the following equations [32]:…”

“…CBP concentration in the release media was determined using both the spectrophotometric method and the optimized electrochemical method. The cumulative mass of released CBP and the cumulative release was determined using the following equations [32]: mn = (Cn × V) + Vs (C1 + C2 + C3 +…+ Cn−1) Crn = (mn/mload × 100) where mn-cumulative mass at a certain time point, Cn-CBP concentration in the release media at a certain time point, V-volume of the release media, Vs-volume sampled for analysis (350 μL), C1,2,…n−1-CBP concentration at previous testing times, Crn-cumulative release, mn-cumulative mass, mload-mass of CBP loaded in the nanosomes.…”

Electrochemical Sensor for the Evaluation of Doxorubicin from Novel Pharmaceutical Formulations and Serum

“…In total, 250 µL of the supernatant were diluted to 2 mL, with the appropriate volume of acetate buffer, and DPV and spectrophotometric tests were performed to determine the quantity of DOX from the supernatant and to calculate the quantity of loaded DOX. The encapsulation efficiency (EE) and loading capacity (LC) were calculated based on the following equations [42]:…”

Recent Advances in the Development of Drug Delivery Applications of Magnetic Nanomaterials

“…The LC represents the amount of drug that is loaded in 100 g of DDS and helps determine the amount of drug that could be delivered by the DDS to its target. EE represents the percentage of drug that was loaded into the DDS from the feeding solution [ 120 ].…”