Moderate Perinatal Choline Deficiency Elicits Altered Physiology and Metabolomic Profiles in the Piglet

Getty, Caitlyn M; Dilger, Ryan N.

doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0133500

Cited by 13 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…Piglets were individually housed, as previously described, in stainless steel cages (1.03 m deep × 0.77 m wide × 0.81 m high) with clear, Plexiglas facades and side walls bearing several small openings (2.54 cm in diameter) to allow for adequate ventilation. A towel and toy were included in each cage to provide enrichment, and piglets were allowed ad libitum access to water ( 17 , 18 ).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dietary Prebiotics, Milk Fat Globule Membrane, and Lactoferrin Affects Structural Neurodevelopment in the Young Piglet

et al. 2016

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IntroductionMilk fat globule membrane (MFGM) and lactoferrin have been identified as two components that have potential to affect neurodevelopment. While concentrations of some MFGM constituents in infant formulas are within human milk range, they may not be present at optimal or clinically effective levels. However, lactoferrin levels of infant formulas are consistently reported to be lower than human milk. This study sought to provide a novel combination of prebiotics, bovine-derived MFGM, and lactoferrin and assess their influence on neurodevelopment.MethodsTwenty-four male piglets were provided either TEST (n = 12) or CONT (n = 12) diet from 2 to 31 days of age. Piglets underwent spatial T-maze assessment starting at 17 days of age, were subjected to magnetic resonance imaging at 30 days of age, and were euthanized for tissue collection at 31 days of age.ResultsDiffusion tensor imaging revealed differences in radial (P = 0.032) and mean (P = 0.028) diffusivities in the internal capsule, where CONT piglets had higher rates of diffusion compared with TEST piglets. Voxel-based morphometry indicated larger (P < 0.05) differences in cortical gray and white matter concentrations, with CONT piglets having larger tissue clusters in these regions compared with TEST piglets. In the spatial T-maze assessment, CONT piglets exhibited shorter latency to choice compared with TEST piglets on day 2 of acquisition and days 3 and 4 of reversal.ConclusionObserved differences in microstructure maturation of the internal capsule and cortical tissue concentrations suggest that piglets provided TEST diet were more advanced developmentally than piglets provided CONT diet. Therefore, supplementation of infant formula with prebiotics, MFGM, and lactoferrin may support neurodevelopment in human infants.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dietary Prebiotics, Milk Fat Globule Membrane, and Lactoferrin Affects Structural Neurodevelopment in the Young Piglet

et al. 2016

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“…The standard gestation period for sows is 114 d; thus, the dietary intervention was provided for the last 64 d of gestation. Throughout gestation, sows were housed indoors in standard agricultural gestation and farrowing crates as described previously ( 18 ). As stated previously, the timing of choline deficiency was chosen to minimize chances of spontaneous fetal loss due to the dietary intervention, and sows were not induced in this study due to unseasonably warm weather, resulting in farrowing between 111 and 114 d of gestation ( 18 ).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The methods provided below were previously described ( 17 , 18 ) and are repeated in detail below to maintain continuity of methods descriptions within a study. A total of 32 naturally farrowed domestic pigs ( Sus scrofa domesticus ; n = 16/sex) from the 12 sows that were provided the experimental gestation diets were obtained at 2 d of age.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Feeding methods were previously described ( 17 , 18 ) and are repeated in detail below to maintain continuity of methods descriptions within a study. After placement into the animal care facility, all neonatal pigs were provided a custom soy-based milk replacer (Test Diets) formulated to meet all nutrient requirements ( 19 ), apart from choline (further details below), for the duration of the 28-d postnatal feeding study.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Maternal Dietary Choline Status Influences Brain Gray and White Matter Development in Young Pigs

Mudd

Getty

Dilger

2018

Current Developments in Nutrition

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BackgroundCholine is an essential nutrient that is pivotal to proper brain development. Research in animal models suggests that perinatal choline deficiency influences neuron development in the hippocampus and cortex, yet these observations require invasive techniques.ObjectiveThis study aimed to characterize the effects of perinatal choline deficiency on gray and white matter development with the use of noninvasive neuroimaging techniques in young pigs.MethodsDuring the last 64 d of the 114-d gestation period Yorkshire sows were provided with a choline-sufficient (CS) or choline-deficient (CD) diet, analyzed to contain 1214 mg or 483 mg total choline/kg diet, respectively. Upon farrowing, pigs (Sus scrofa domesticus) were allowed colostrum consumption for ≤48 h, were further stratified into postnatal treatment groups, and were provided either CS or CD milk replacers, analyzed to contain 1591 or 518 mg total choline/kg diet, respectively, for 28 d. At 30 d of age, pigs were subjected to MRI procedures to assess brain development. Gray and white matter development was assessed through voxel-based morphometry (VBM) and tract-based spatial statistics (TBSS) to assess the effects of prenatal and postnatal dietary choline status.ResultsVBM analysis indicated that prenatally CS pigs exhibited increased (P < 0.01) gray matter in the left and right cortex compared with prenatally CD pigs. Analysis of white matter indicated that prenatally CS pigs exhibited increased (P < 0.01) white matter in the internal capsule, putamen–globus pallidus, and right cortex compared with prenatally CD pigs. No postnatal effects (P > 0.05) of choline status were noted for VBM analyses of gray and white matter. TBSS also showed no significant effects (P > 0.05) of prenatal or postnatal choline status for diffusion values along white matter tracts.ConclusionsObservations from this study suggest that prenatal choline deficiency results in altered cortical gray matter and reduced white matter in the internal capsule and putamen of young pigs. With the use of noninvasive neuroimaging techniques, results from our study indicate that prenatal choline deficiency greatly alters gray and white matter development in pigs, thereby providing a translational assessment that may be used in clinical populations.

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“…If fluid loss continued after treatment, piglets then received a single dose of sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim oral suspension (50 mg/8 mg per mL, Hi-Tech Pharmacal, Amityville, NY) for 3 consecutive days." [198] 2) "One hour before surgery, we administered analgesia to the mice by offering them nut paste (Nutella; Ferrero, Pino Torinese, Italy) containing 1 mg per kg body weight buprenorphine (Temgesic; Schering-Plough Europe, Brussels, Belgium) for voluntary ingestion, as described previously. The mice had been habituated to pure nut paste for 2 d prior to surgery."…”

Section: Explanationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reporting animal research: Explanation and Elaboration for the ARRIVE guidelines 2019

Sert

Ahluwalia

Alam³

et al. 2019

Preprint

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Improving the reproducibility of biomedical research is a major challenge. Transparent and accurate reporting are vital to this process; it allows readers to assess the reliability of the findings, and repeat or build upon the work of other researchers. The NC3Rs developed the ARRIVE guidelines in 2010 to help authors and journals identify the minimum information necessary to report in publications describing in vivo experiments.Despite widespread endorsement by the scientific community, the impact of the ARRIVE guidelines on the transparency of reporting in animal research publications has been limited. We have revised the ARRIVE guidelines to update them and facilitate their use in practice. The revised guidelines are published alongside this paper. This Explanation and Elaboration document was developed as part of the revision. It provides further information about each of the 21 items in ARRIVE 2019, including the rationale and supporting evidence for their inclusion in the guidelines, elaboration of details to report, and examples of good reporting from the published literature.As a new international working groupthe authors of this publication, we have revised the guidelines to update them and facilitate their uptake; the ARRIVE guidelines 2019 are published alongside this paper [13]. We have updated the recommendations in line with current best practice, reorganised the information and classified the items into two sets. The ARRIVE Essential 10 constitute the minimum reporting requirement and the Recommended Set provides further context to the study described. The two sets help authors, journal staff, editors and reviewers use the guidelines in practice, and allow a pragmatic implementation with an initial focus on the most critical issues. Once the Essential 10 are consistently reported in manuscripts, items from the Recommended Set can be added to journal requirements over time until all 21 items are routinely reported in all manuscripts. Full methodology for the revision and the allocation of items into sets is described in the accompanying publication [13].A key aspect of the revision was to develop this Explanation and Elaboration document to provide background and rationale for each of the 21 items of ARRIVE 2019. Here we present additional guidance for each item and subitem, explain the importance of reporting this information in manuscripts that describe animal research, elaborate on what to report, and provide supporting evidence. Each subitem is also illustrated with examples of good reporting from the published literature. Box 1: GlossaryBias: Introduction of a systematic error in the estimated effect of an intervention, caused by inadequacies in the design, conduct, or analysis of an experiment.Effect size: Quantitative measure that estimates the magnitude of differences between groups, or relationships between variables. Experimental unit:Biological entity subjected to an intervention independently of all other units, such that it is possible to assign any two experimental units to different t...

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Moderate Perinatal Choline Deficiency Elicits Altered Physiology and Metabolomic Profiles in the Piglet

Cited by 13 publications

References 34 publications

Dietary Prebiotics, Milk Fat Globule Membrane, and Lactoferrin Affects Structural Neurodevelopment in the Young Piglet

Dietary Prebiotics, Milk Fat Globule Membrane, and Lactoferrin Affects Structural Neurodevelopment in the Young Piglet

Maternal Dietary Choline Status Influences Brain Gray and White Matter Development in Young Pigs

Reporting animal research: Explanation and Elaboration for the ARRIVE guidelines 2019

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