Moderate‐intensity exercise training ameliorates the diabetes‐suppressed spermatogenesis and improves sperm parameters: Insole and simultaneous with insulin

Abstract

The current study was conducted to investigate the ameliorative effect of moderate‐intensity exercise training insole and simultaneous with insulin on diabetes (DM)‐induced pathogenesis at the testicular tissue and sperm level. For this purpose, 36 mature male Wistar rats were divided into six groups, including sedentary control (Con), exercise training (EX), sedentary experimental DM‐induced (SDM), exercise training + DM‐induced (DM + EX), insulin‐treated sedentary DM‐induced (DM + INS) and exercise training and insulin‐treated DM‐induced (DM + INS + EX) groups. Following DM induction, the 6‐week exercise training intervention (30 min of moderate‐intensity running on a treadmill, once daily [5 days/week]) was considered in EX groups. The tubular differentiation (TDI) and spermiogenesis (SPI) indices, testicular total antioxidant capacity (TAC), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPX) contents, serum testosterone and insulin levels, the apoptosis ratio and sperm parameters were assessed. The exercise in sole (EX) and simultaneous forms with INS (DM + INS + EX group) ameliorated the DM‐suppressed spermatogenesis and spermiogenesis indices, up‐regulated the serum testosterone and insulin levels, enhanced testicular SOD content, inhibited the apoptosis and improved almost all sperm parameters. In conclusion, exercise training, when simultaneously considered with insulin, fairly boosts the insulin‐induced impacts, including the up‐regulated testicular endocrine and antioxidant status, spermatogenesis and sperm quality.

Insight into the mechanism of aspartame‐induced toxicity in male reproductive system following long‐term consumption in mice model

“…Then, the sum of Leydig cells in eight fields of light microscopy in 400× magnification, was considered the cells count in the 1 mm 2 area. The number of seminiferous tubules with three and more germinal layers and normal spermiogenesis in 100 tubules were counted and considered as percentage of positive tubular differentiation index (TDI) and positive spermiogenesis index (SPI), respectively 18,32 . The positive repopulation index (RI), was calculated via divided number of active spermatogonia (heterochromatic nuclei) by inactive spermatogonia (euchromatic nuclei) and expressed as percent 15,34 …”

“…The stained slides were examined under a light microscope at different magnifications (100× and 400×). The number of Leydig cells per one mm 2 of testicular interstitium, was counted 32,33. For this purpose, the area of the field of view in 400× magnification was estimated (0.2 × 0.2 × 3.14 = 0.125) and the1 mm 2 was divided by obtained number (1 Ä 0.125 = 8).…”

The Role of Exercise to Reduce the Impact of Diabetes in the Seminal Quality: A Systematic Review

“…Regarding the "random selection of participants", we have considered that the animals were randomly selected. Furthermore, the lack of baseline measures in two of the studies [16,17] made it impossible to judge if there were differences at baseline, so items 7 and 8 could have been scored as "N/A".…”

“…The current systematic review includes a sample size of 260 participants (180 rats and 80 humans) divided into the following groups: healthy control group (Con) (n = 40), diabetic control group (Dia) (n = 60), diabetic and insulin injection intervention (DiaIn) (n = 18), healthy control group participating in an exercise intervention (Ex) (n = 30), diabetic group participating in an exercise intervention (DiaEx) (n = 848), and a diabetic group with regulated insulin injection and participating in an exercise intervention (DiaInEx) (n = 28). The diabetic groups incorporated T2DM [19][20][21] and type I diabetes mellitus [16][17][18]. Mice aged eight weeks [20,21] and aged two months [16,17] and their weights ranged from 180 g to 250 g. In the human studies included, the participants had a mean age of 36.09 years old and a 30% fat mass [19] or a body mass index of 22.8 kg/m2 [18] (shown in Table 2).…”

The ameliorative effects of Lactobacillus coagulans and Lactobacillus casei probiotics on CCl4‐induced testicular toxicity based on biochemical, histological and molecular analyses in rat

“…The TDI was determined as the ratio of type B (active form) to type A (inactive form) spermatogonia. Sertoli cells were enumerated at the locations of spermatid accumulation (triangular points within seminiferous tubule) (Samadian et al, 2019).…”