The ameliorative effects of Lactobacillus coagulans and Lactobacillus casei probiotics on CCl4‐induced testicular toxicity based on biochemical, histological and molecular analyses in rat

Abstract

According to the World Health Organization (WHO), infertility means the inability of a sexually active and not on contraception couple to achieve pregnancy within 1 year (Murray et al., 2012). According to global epidemiological reports, approximately 15% of all people who are in reproductive age suffer from this disorder. Over the past decade, about 50 per cent of male infertility cases have been due to reproductive disorders and reduced sperm quality (Patel et al., 2018). Reactive oxygen species (ROS) play a critical role in sperm maturation and function, as well as male fertilisation (Wagner et al., 2018). A balance between ROS production and elimination is necessary for spermatozoa to remain physiologically active. According to studies, some groups containing oxygen radicals such as H 2 O 2 , hydroxyl (•OH) and peroxyl (•ROO −) radicals, and superoxide (•O 2−) play essential roles in male infertility. The peroxidation of unsaturated membrane fatty acids in testes increases the production of free radicals and induces apoptosis in testicular

Antioxidant Potential of Parsley Leaf (Petroselinum crispum) Essential Oil on Hypothyroidism and Testicular Injury in Mice Intoxicated by Carbon Tetrachloride

“…And the histopathological examination of the testicular tissue in CCl 4 group revealed hypospermatogenesis (JTBS), reduced diameter of seminiferous tubules, and destructed germinal cells compared to the control group. Hypogonadism effect as a result of CCl4-induced oxidative stress may be due to the direct toxicity of CCl4 on the Leydig cell membrane and central nervous system or due to its indirect effect on the hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal axis as previously discussed in many studies [ 19 , 41 – 46 ].…”

Protective effects of Lepidium draba L . leaves extract on testis histopathology, oxidative stress indicators, serum reproductive hormones and inflammatory signalling in oxymetholone‐treated rat

“…After haematoxylin counterstain, all slides were evaluated by Olympus light microscopy (Olympus IX71 microscope) at 400 X connected to a Moticam (Moticam Technologies) camera system. 50 fields are selected for each sample and in each field, the ratio of Bcl‐2 and p53‐positive cells/total cells was calculated and the mean in each group was reported as ‘means ± SEM ’ (Keshtmand et al., 2021).…”

Lepidium draba L. leaves extract ameliorated cyclophosphamide‐induced testicular toxicity by modulation of ROS‐dependent Keap1/Nrf2/HO1, Bax/Bcl2/p53/caspase‐3, and inflammatory signaling pathways

“…3,3′‐diaminobenzidine (DAB) as chromogen detected antigen‐antibody interactions by incubating slides with DAB at 37°C for 30 min. Finally, the slides were counterstained with hematoxylin and examined randomly with a light microscope (Olympus IX71 microscope, Japan) connected to the camera system (Moticam Technologies, Japan) at 400X, 50 field of view of each slide and reported as “means (%) of positive cells ± SD ” (Bcl‐2‐ and p53‐positive cells/total cells × 100) (Keshtmand et al., 2021).…”