Modelling the Dielectric Properties of Cow's Raw Milk Under Vat Pasteurization

Abstract

An efficient microwave milk pasteurization system requires a rigorous temperature dependent dielectric model of the milk, since the performance of milk pasteurization strongly depends on its dielectric properties. This paper describes the dielectric modelling of cow's raw milk during batch (Vat) pasteurization which covers the frequencies from 0.2 GHz to 6GHz. An open-ended coaxial sensor is used for the measurements of dielectric constant, loss factor, and ionic conductivity at temperature range of 25 • C to 75 • C with an interval of 5 • C. Combinations of Cole-Davison and Debye equations are modified to fit the dielectric measurements. It was found that the measured dielectric constant decreased as the frequency increased, while the high temperature processed produce lower in a convergence manner toward 6 GHz. The loss factor exhibited high losses at higher temperature and lower frequencies, as well as converged at 1.9 GHz then diverged up to 6 GHz. Three relaxation processes are dominated at all temperature treatments within the frequency range. The relaxation time, τ , and the activation energy, Q, are modelled based on linear fitting of measured data according to Debye and Arrhenius approaches.

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“…Hence, there is a significant risk of microbial contaminants from the animal to the pastures and the equipment, to the effect that the consumption of raw milk may cause food-borne infections. Pasteurization of milk is thus essential to guarantee its quality and to extend its shelf-life ( 14 ).…”

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“…This method has led to the amount of rare particles present in food such as ampicillin (Lee et al., 2020). The results also determined that among nutrients, protein has the greatest effect on the dielectric properties of milk (Zhu et al., 2014), but these results do not have the same answer at all frequencies because in (Abdullah et al., 2019) has been showed that at different frequency bands these results may change and many factors are involved in this issue. The shape of the container is one of the factors that effect on the permittivity, so for comparison between different materials, it needs to be used from the same containers (Dag et al., 2019; Leite et al., 2019).…”

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“…[6][7][8] Interestingly, in the last few decades, RF sensing has gained the interest of several researchers to perform a qualitative analysis of milk samples, including identification of solute level in the virgin solvent. [13][14][15] However, most of these techniques, which employ RF sensing methods, have mainly engaged the commercially available dielectric probe kit, which is quite costly and nonplanar, limiting their practical applicability. 13,14 Usually, the RF sensing mechanism primarily relies on the processing of either broadband S-parameters or narrowband S-parameters, generated using non-resonant and resonant RF sensor structures, respectively.…”

“…13,14 Usually, the RF sensing mechanism primarily relies on the processing of either broadband S-parameters or narrowband S-parameters, generated using non-resonant and resonant RF sensor structures, respectively. [7][8][9][13][14][15] Out of non-resonant and resonant RF sensors, the resonant RF sensors are relatively more accurate and sensitive and can suitably be employed for milk adulteration testing. 16 It is also important to note here that the resonant RF sensor's implementation can usually be categorized into two sub-groups, that is, non-planner and planner resonant RF sensors.…”