Modelling the correlations of e-waste quantity with economic increase

Awasthi, Abhishek Kumar; Cucchiella, Federica; D’Adamo, Idiano; Li, Jinhui; Rosa, Paolo; Terzi, Sergio; Wei, Guoyin; Zeng, Xianlai

doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.08.288

Cited by 123 publications

(51 citation statements)

References 55 publications

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“…Therefore, one may forecast that the demand for EEE, from both industries and individuals, will continue to exhibit a high rate of increase, while the shortened life span of such products raises a global sustainability concern [2][3][4]. Studies have demonstrated a mathematical relationship among e-waste generated volumes and anthropogenic behavior in developed (and developing) countries [5]. According to the predictions made in the work of Baldé et al [6], the total quantity of WEEE will exceed 50 million tons by 2021.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Advanced Recovery Techniques for Waste Materials from IT and Telecommunication Equipment Printed Circuit Boards

2019

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Waste from information technology (IT) and telecommunication equipment (WITTE) constitutes a significant fraction of waste from electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE). The presence of rare metals and hazardous materials (e.g., heavy metals or flame retardants) makes the necessary recycling procedures difficult and expensive. Important efforts are being made for Waste Printed Circuit Board (WPCB) recycling because, even if they only amount to 5-10% of the WITTE weight, they constitute up to 80% of the recovered value. This paper summarizes the recycling techniques applicable to WPCBs. In the first part, dismantling and mechanical recycling techniques are presented. Within the frame of electro-mechanical separation technology, the chain process of shredding, washing, and sieving, followed by one or a combination of magnetic, eddy current, corona electrostatic, triboelectrostatic, or gravity separation techniques, is presented. The chemical and electrochemical processes are of utmost importance for the fine separation of metals coming from complex equipment such as WPCBs. Thermal recycling techniques such as pyrolysis and thermal treatment are presented as complementary solutions for achieving both an extra separation stage and thermal energy. As the recycling processes of WPCBs require adequate, efficient, and ecological recycling techniques, the aim of this survey is to identify and highlight the most important ones. Due to the high economic value of the resulting raw materials relative to the WPCBs' weight and composition, their recycling represents both a necessary environmental protection action, as well as an economic opportunity.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Advanced Recovery Techniques for Waste Materials from IT and Telecommunication Equipment Printed Circuit Boards

2019

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“…In this way, the user is encouraged to select recyclable materials, so as to minimize the amount of residual waste to be disposed of and, therefore, contain the related taxation, all at a low cost of workers for the Sistema Ambiente company. The starting point of an eco-sustainable and virtuous system of waste management is, therefore, the responsibility of the citizen, who must correctly differentiate the waste already produced at home, dividing it into special and equally different containers [16].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Circular Economy and E-Waste: An Opportunity from RFID TAGs

2019

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In this work, a deep economic and technical analysis for the enhancement of e-waste hierarchy applied to the Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) tags is presented. Nowadays, the RFID technology represents a valuable solution for many applications to improve the quality and efficiency of the supply chain, as well as for enhanced people or object identification and smart devices. This leads to massive usage of such devices that could represent a threat to the environment, since they are often considered as generic waste and no specific e-waste policy has been identified for RFID. For these reasons, the paper presents a study based on the desk research technique to propose several possibilities currently available for producers of different RFID devices in order to mitigate this problem at every e-waste hierarchy stage, i.e., ecological design and prevention, reuse, recycle, and disposal. Moreover, a cost/benefit analysis has been reported in order to highlight the economic advantages related to the RFID tags reuse, as well as environmental impact reduction. Results proved that passive RFID tags represent the major candidate for the e-waste hierarchy enhancement at every level, demonstrating that it is more convenient for the producer to consider an ecologically aware design and promote a take-back system for tags in order to take advantages from the solution proposed for the RFID e-waste hierarchy.

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“…The problem of e-waste requires to be solved effectively and immediately based on the sustainability principles with the aim of achieving the circular economy objectives, as mentioned earlier [23]. Existing literature has been comprehensively reviewed, and numerous experts in the field have been interviewed in order to find out the way e-waste is managed currently across the world [24][25][26][27][28].…”

Section: Motivation and Noveltymentioning

confidence: 99%

Unified Fuzzy Divergence Measures with Multi-Criteria Decision Making Problems for Sustainable Planning of an E-Waste Recycling Job Selection

et al. 2020

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In the literature of information theory and fuzzy set doctrine, there exist various prominent measures of divergence; each possesses its own merits, demerits, and disciplines of applications. Divergence measure is a tool to compute the discrimination between two objects. Particularly, the idea of divergence measure for fuzzy sets is significant since it has applications in several areas viz., process control, decision making, image segmentation, and pattern recognition. In this paper, some new fuzzy divergence measures, which are generalizations of probabilistic divergence measures are introduced. Next, we review two different generalizations of the following measures. Firstly, directed divergence (Kullback–Leibler or Jeffrey invariant) and secondly, Jensen difference divergence, based on these measures, we develop a class of unified divergence measures for fuzzy sets (FSs). Then, a method based on divergence measure for fuzzy sets (FSs) is proposed to evaluate the multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) problems under the fuzzy atmosphere. Lastly, an illustrative example of the recycling job selection problem of sustainable planning of the e-waste is presented to demonstrate the reasonableness and usefulness of the developed method.

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Modelling the correlations of e-waste quantity with economic increase

Cited by 123 publications

References 55 publications

Advanced Recovery Techniques for Waste Materials from IT and Telecommunication Equipment Printed Circuit Boards

Advanced Recovery Techniques for Waste Materials from IT and Telecommunication Equipment Printed Circuit Boards

Circular Economy and E-Waste: An Opportunity from RFID TAGs

Unified Fuzzy Divergence Measures with Multi-Criteria Decision Making Problems for Sustainable Planning of an E-Waste Recycling Job Selection

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