Modelling of carbon–carbon composite ablation in rocket nozzles

Microstructure and mechanical properties of carbon fiber reinforced multilayered (PyC–SiC)n matrix composites

“…Carbon/carbon (C/C) composites have been widely studied due to their excellent advantages, such as low density, high specific strength, low thermal expansion coefficient and superior ablation resistance [1][2][3]. These properties make them attractive in aeronautical and astronautical applications as structural materials.…”

Increasing mechanical strength retention rate of carbon/carbon composites after graphitization by grafting straight carbon nanotubes radially onto carbon fibers

“…Unfortunately, microstructure defects are also induced during graphitization, including nano-and micro-scale matrix annular cracking and fiber/matrix (F/M) interface slackening or even debonding [3][4][5]. The defects result in great decrease of mechanical properties [4] and then lead to deteriorative ablation and friction performances since their failures also involve mechanical denudation mechanism controlled by mechanical strength [6][7][8] (including out-of-plane compressive strength and interlaminal shear strength (ILSS)). Namely, a low mechanical property could lead to a severe mechanical denudation and then a poor ablation or abrasive resistance.…”

Ablation Performance of Carbon/Carbon Composite Throat after a Solid Rocket Motor Ground Ignition Test

“…ablation properties of C/C composites can be studied using plasma ablation test, oxyacetylene torch, arc heating test, and/or ground ignition test [5][6][7][8][9][10]. However, the former three methods simulate relatively simple ablation conditions, unlike the real conditions of an operating SRM.…”