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An integral simulation model has been developed for understanding and simulating the process of a density current and the transport of spilled chemicals in a stratified reservoir. The model is capable of describing flow behavior and mixing mechanisms in different flow regimes (plunging flow, underflow, • and interflow). It computes flow rate, velocity, flow thickness, mixing parameterized by entrainment and dilution, depths of plunging, separation and intrusion, and time of travel. The model was applied to the Shasta Reservoir in northern California during the July 1991 Sacramento River chemical spill. The Simulations were used to assist in the emergency response, confirm remediation measures, and guide data collection. Spill data that were available after the emergency response are used to conduct a postaudit of the model results. Predicted flow parameters are presented and compared with observed interflow intrusion depth, travel time, and measured concentrations of spilled chemicals. In the reservoir, temperature difference between incoming river flow and ambient lake water played a dominant role during the processes of flow plunging, separation, and intrusion. With the integral approach, the gross flow behavior can be adequately described and information useful in the analysis of contaminated flow in a reservoir after a spill is provided. concentrations in the river-reservoir stretch results from dilution due to mixing with the ambient water as well as from degradation and volatilization. Since small amounts of degradation and volatilization continued as the spill entered the reservoir, these calculations of mixing and dilution are ex-695 696 GU ET AL.: MODELING RESERVOIR DENSITY UNDERFLOW AND INTERFLOW N Can•ara Loop Spill Site Dunsmuir-Fishing Access (RB) Dunsmuir-Simpson St. (Co)
An integral simulation model has been developed for understanding and simulating the process of a density current and the transport of spilled chemicals in a stratified reservoir. The model is capable of describing flow behavior and mixing mechanisms in different flow regimes (plunging flow, underflow, • and interflow). It computes flow rate, velocity, flow thickness, mixing parameterized by entrainment and dilution, depths of plunging, separation and intrusion, and time of travel. The model was applied to the Shasta Reservoir in northern California during the July 1991 Sacramento River chemical spill. The Simulations were used to assist in the emergency response, confirm remediation measures, and guide data collection. Spill data that were available after the emergency response are used to conduct a postaudit of the model results. Predicted flow parameters are presented and compared with observed interflow intrusion depth, travel time, and measured concentrations of spilled chemicals. In the reservoir, temperature difference between incoming river flow and ambient lake water played a dominant role during the processes of flow plunging, separation, and intrusion. With the integral approach, the gross flow behavior can be adequately described and information useful in the analysis of contaminated flow in a reservoir after a spill is provided. concentrations in the river-reservoir stretch results from dilution due to mixing with the ambient water as well as from degradation and volatilization. Since small amounts of degradation and volatilization continued as the spill entered the reservoir, these calculations of mixing and dilution are ex-695 696 GU ET AL.: MODELING RESERVOIR DENSITY UNDERFLOW AND INTERFLOW N Can•ara Loop Spill Site Dunsmuir-Fishing Access (RB) Dunsmuir-Simpson St. (Co)
BSTRACT: A~unsteady~wo-dimens~onal (20) reservoir hydrodynamics and transport model is employed to slm~late contammate~denSity cu~ents m the Shasta Reservoir after a chemical spill into the Sacramento River, Cahf. Three flow regimes (plungmg flow, underflow, and interflow) and their occurrence are captured by the laterally~verag~d model. Transp~~and mixing processes in the temperature-stratified reservoir are analyzed through simulatIOns of flow velOCities, water temperature, and contaminant concentration. Flow behavior of the contaminan.t p~ume is desc?bed b~plun~e distance, separation depth, intruding thickness, and the spatial and tempor~l dtlutlon of chemicals. Simulation results are compared with field data for water temperature and contammant concentration collected in the reservoir during the emergency response to the spill. Relatively good ag~eement between fiel~measurements and predicted reservoir stratification and chemical dilution is obtained. It IS show~that the aeration system installed in the reservoir contributed to the downstream reduction of chemical conc~ntration to a. n~ndetectable level shortly after the spill. The 2D simulations and analyses improve understandmg and predictions of the movement of a conservative contaminant plume in a stratified reservoir. The res~lts can a~sist in cont~mi~ation c~ntrol and remediation after a toxic chemical spill, guide field sampling dunng the spill, and provide mformation useful for water quality management.
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