“…Here, the preferred size is the natural size of a widget or a layout, i.e., the size a widget or a layout would obtain if their are no other constraints, such as the window size, forcing it to a different size. The other quality terms are motivated by research into UI aesthetics and usability [7,48,49]. We focused on terms that are well-motivated by previous work, but acknowledge that more terms, e.g., to account for alignment, could be added to the objective function.…”