Modelling Human Brucellosis Based on Infection Rate and Vaccination Coverage of Sheep and Goats

Δουγάς, Γεώργιος; Katsiolis, Aristomenis; Linou, Maria; Kostoulas, Polychronis; Billinis, Charalambos

doi:10.3390/pathogens11020167

Cited by 6 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 17 publications

(20 reference statements)

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“…Human brucellosis remains a persistent public health problem in some MSs, especially in Greece where brucellosis is endemic in sheep and goats. A mean annual notification rate of 0.9/100,000 population was documented in humans in 2005–2020 (Dougas et al., 2022 ; Kefaloudi et al., 2022 ). Since the EU‐level brucellosis surveillance started in 2007, Greece has reported a notification rate about 10 times higher than the EU average.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The European Union One Health 2022 Zoonoses Report

2023

EFS2

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This report by the European Food Safety Authority and the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control presents the results of the zoonoses monitoring and surveillance activities carried out in 2022 in 27 Member States (MSs), the United Kingdom (Northern Ireland) and 11 non-MSs. Key statistics on zoonoses and zoonotic agents in humans, food, animals and feed are provided and interpreted historically. In 2022, the first and second most reported zoonoses in humans were campylobacteriosis and salmonellosis, respectively. The number of cases of campylobacteriosis and salmonellosis remained stable in comparison with 2021. Nineteen MSs and the United Kingdom (Northern Ireland) achieved all the established targets in poultry populations for the reduction of Salmonella prevalence for the relevant serovars. Salmonella samples from carcases of various animal species, and samples for Campylobacter quantification from broiler carcases, were more frequently positive when performed by the competent authorities than when own checks were conducted. Yersiniosis was the third most reported zoonosis in humans, followed by Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) and Listeria monocytogenes infections. L. monocytogenes and West Nile virus infections were the most severe zoonotic diseases, with the most hospitalisations and highest case fatality rates. In 2022, reporting showed an increase of more than 600% compared with 2021 in locally acquired cases of human West Nile virus infection, which is a mosquito-borne disease. In the EU, the number of reported foodborne outbreaks and cases, hospitalisations and deaths was higher in 2022 than in 2021. The number of deaths from outbreaks was the highest ever reported in the EU in the last 10 years, mainly caused by L. monocytogenes and to a lesser degree by Salmonella. Salmonella and in particular S. Enteritidis remained the most frequently reported causative agent for foodborne outbreaks. Norovirus (and other calicivirus) was the agent associated with the highest number of outbreak human cases. This report also provides updates on brucellosis, Coxiella burnetii (Q fever), echinococcosis, rabies, toxoplasmosis, trichinellosis, infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (focusing on Mycobacterium bovis and Mycobacterium caprae) and tularaemia.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The European Union One Health 2022 Zoonoses Report

2023

EFS2

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“…were detected in <1% of people sampled [ 20 ]. With regard to animal infections, recent findings have indicated that the rate of new infected farms in the vaccination zone was significantly higher than in areas where eradication is carried out: 9 per regional unit (interquartile range: 2–23) versus 0 per regional unit (interquartile range: 0–2), respectively [ 26 ]. In 2016, the proportion of small ruminant farms with seropositive animals in three regions of the continental part (vaccination area) of the country was reported to be 4.6% overall (9.9% in Thessaly [ 27 ], 6.9% in Western Macedonia [ 28 ] and 1.8% in Peloponnese [ 29 ]), whilst in Crete no cases of the infection were recorded [ 11 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Zoonotic Problems Reported by Sheep and Goat Farmers and Factors Potentially Contributing to the Occurrence of Brucellosis among Them

Lianou

Petinaki

Michael

et al. 2022

IJERPH

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The study aimed to investigate the occurrence of zoonotic problems reported by dairy small ruminant farmers in Greece and to study potential associations with socio-demographic characteristics of the farmers and management practices applied in the farms. A countrywide investigation was performed in 325 sheep and 119 goat farms in the 13 administrative regions of Greece. The selected farms were visited and interviews were conducted with respective farmers. The occurrence of zoonotic problems in the farmers was recorded. A total biosecurity score (0–6) was devised, based on biosecurity practices followed in farms. Sixty-seven farmers (15.10%, 95% confidence intervals (CI): 12.1–18.7%) reported experiencing a zoonotic problem. Most of the farmers (n = 57) (85.1%, 95% CI: 74.76–91.7%, of those with a zoonotic problem) (12.8%, 95% CI: 10.0–16.3%, of all) reported that the zoonotic problem had been brucellosis. Odds ratio for the occurrence of brucellosis in goat farmers was 1.879 (95% CI: 1.051–3.359) compared to the occurrence of the infection in sheep farmers (p = 0.033). For the outcome ‘occurrence of brucellosis’ in sheep farmers, the application of hand-milking, the availability of a separate lambing area and the presence of cats in the farm emerged as significant (p < 0.01); for the same outcome in goat farmers, only the availability of a separate kidding area emerged as significant (p = 0.001). The mean biosecurity score in farms in the continental area of the country was significantly higher than in the islands: 3.45 ± 0.05 versus 2.76 ± 0.28, respectively (p = 0.006), whilst there was also a significantly higher score in farms, where the farmer reported occurrence of brucellosis: 3.68 ± 0.15 versus 3.34 ± 0.06 in farms, where the farmer did not report such an incident (p = 0.042). In farms, where the above predictors prevail, farmers should be warned of an increased potential risk for human infection and biosecurity measures should be implemented and tightened.

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“…Brucellosis is a serious and often neglected zoonosis caused by Brucella infection through contacting the contaminated animal and its products or air dusts . Livestock such as cattle, goats, sheep, camels, and pigs is the most common intermediate hosts of Brucellae , and humans, as the ultimate host, get sick through direct or indirect contact with infected animals or eating contaminated animal products . Around the world, 500,000 people are diagnosed with Brucella infection every year .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Novel Vertical Flow Immunoassay with Au@PtNPs for Rapid, Ultrasensitive, and On-Site Diagnosis of Human Brucellosis

Zhang

et al. 2023

ACS Omega

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Brucellosis is an infectious zoonosis caused by Brucella with clinical symptoms of wavy fever, fatigue, and even invasion of tissues and organs in the whole body, posing a serious threat to public health around the world. Herein, a novel vertical flow immunoassay based on Au@Pt nanoparticles (Au@PtNPs-VFIA) was established for detection of Brucella IgG antibody in clinical serum samples. The testing card of Au@PtNPs-VFIA was manufactured by printing the purified Brucella LPS and goat antimouse IgG on the nitrocellulose membrane as the test-spot or control-spot, respectively. Au@PtNPs labeled with protein G (Au@PtNPs-prG) were concurrently employed as detection probes presenting visible spots and catalysts mimicking catalytic enzymes to catalyze the DAB substrate (H2O2 plus O-phenylenediamine) for deepening color development. The testing procedure of Au@PtNPs-VFIA takes 2–3 min, and the limit of detection (LOD) for Brucella antibody is 0.1 IU/mL, which is faster and more sensitive than that of Au@PtNP-based lateral flow immunoassay (Au@PtNPs-LFIA: 15 min and 1.56 IU/mL, respectively). By comparing with vertical flow immunoassay based on classic Au nanoparticles (AuNPs-VFIA), the Au@PtNPs-VFIA is 32 times or 16 times more sensitive with or without further development of DAB substrate catalysis. Au@PtNPs-VFIA did not react with the serum samples of Gram-negative bacterium infections but only weakly cross-reacted with diagnostic serum of Y. enterocolitica O9 infection. In detection of clinical samples, Au@PtNPs-VFIA was validated for possessing 98.33% sensitivity, 100% specificity, and 99.17% accuracy, which were comparable with or even better than those obtained by the Rose-Bengal plate agglutination test, serological agglutination test, AuNPs-VFIA, and Au@PtNPs-LFIA. Therefore, this newly developed Au@PtNPs-VFIA has potential for rapid, ultrasensitive, and on-site diagnosis of human Brucellosis in clinics.

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Modelling Human Brucellosis Based on Infection Rate and Vaccination Coverage of Sheep and Goats

Cited by 6 publications

References 17 publications

The European Union One Health 2022 Zoonoses Report

The European Union One Health 2022 Zoonoses Report

Zoonotic Problems Reported by Sheep and Goat Farmers and Factors Potentially Contributing to the Occurrence of Brucellosis among Them

Novel Vertical Flow Immunoassay with Au@PtNPs for Rapid, Ultrasensitive, and On-Site Diagnosis of Human Brucellosis

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