Modelling and simulation of nozzle ablation in high-voltage circuit-breakers

Godin, D.; Trépanier, Jean‐Yves; Reggio, Marcelo; Zhang, X D; Camarero, R.

doi:10.1088/0022-3727/33/20/310

Cited by 44 publications

(31 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…The conservation equations for the mass (2), momentum (3), (4), energy (5), scalar potential (6), vector potential (7), (8) and mass fraction conservation (9) are detailed in Table I. In the energy equation, the last term of the source term corresponds to the enthalpy production due to the ablation of PTFE near the walls.…”

Section: B Equationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

PTFE Vapor Contribution to Pressure Changes in High-Voltage Circuit Breakers

Gonzalez

Freton

Reichert

et al. 2015

IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci.

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A transient magneto-hydrodynamic model based on @Ansys-Fluent software applied on a high-voltage circuit breaker (HVCB) geometry is presented. The model is turbulent (κ-ε realizable model), and radiation is taken into account by a hybrid model (Discrete Ordinates Method and P1). The insulating medium is SF 6 , and current I rms = 25 kA. An ablation model based on the literature was applied to represent the ablation of the Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) walls. The theoretical and experimental results (pressure, ablation rate, and voltage drop variation) are presented and compared. Several cases were considered: no ablation (ceramic walls), ablation only from downstream parts, and ablation from upstream parts of HVCB walls. The corresponding pressure variations are presented. In order to explain the pressure increase, some additional quantities such as mass flow rate and energy integrated into one section of the heating channel are given. The results show that even if the mass of PTFE ablated is small, the pressure increase is due to the energy input from the vapor.Index Terms-Computational fluid dynamic (CFD) model, heating volume, high-voltage circuit breaker (HVCB), pressure increase, SF 6 and C 2 F 4 vapors.

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Section: B Equationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

PTFE Vapor Contribution to Pressure Changes in High-Voltage Circuit Breakers

Gonzalez

Freton

Reichert

et al. 2015

IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci.

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“…However, only a limited selection remains in the actual investigations. Gas mixtures containing fluoro-nitriles (C 4 F 7 N) or fluoro-ketones (C 5 F 10 O) as minority components (<20 %) have been identified as most promising alternatives to SF in high-voltage gas-insulated switchgear applications, because of their low global warming potential together with their dielectric strength values being comparable to SF 6 [5][6][7]. Due to high boiling points (at 1 bar) of the fluoro-ketones (27 • C) and fluoro-nitriles (-4.7 • C), gas mixtures with carbon dioxide CO 2 as buffer gas prevent liquefaction at temperatures below -30 • C. One of the most promising alternatives that has less limitations concerning temperature range and greenhouse effect but reasonable electrical insulation is CO 2 [8][9][10].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ablation-Dominated Arcs in CO2 Atmosphere - Part I: Temperature Determination near Current Zero

Methling¹,

Khakpour²,

Götte³

et al. 2020

Preprint

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Wall–stabilized arcs dominated by nozzle–ablation are key elements of self–blast circuit breakers. In the present study, high–current arcs were investigated using a model circuit breaker (MCB) in CO2 as gas alternative to SF6 and in addition a long polytetrafluoroethylene nozzle under ambient conditions for stronger ablation. The assets of different methods for optical investigation were demonstrated, e.g. high-speed imaging with channel filters and optical emission spectroscopy. Particularly the phase near current zero (CZ) crossing was studied in two steps. In the first step using high-speed cameras, radial temperature profiles have been determined until 0.4 ms before CZ in the nozzle. Broad temperature profiles with a maximum of 9400 K have been obtained from analysis of fluorine lines. In the second step, the spectroscopic sensitivity was increased using an intensified CCD camera, allowing single-shot measurements until few microseconds before CZ in the MCB. Ionic carbon and atomic oxygen emission were analyzed using absolute intensities and normal maximum. The arc was constricted and the maximum temperature decreased from &gt;18000 K at 0.3 ms to about 11000 K at 0.010 ms before CZ. The arc plasma needs about 0.5-1.0 ms after both the ignition phase and the current zero crossing to be completely dominated by the ablated wall material.

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“…Several numerical methods of resolution exist and numerous papers have been written on this subject and various algorithms presented [9∼13] (non exhaustive list). Recent papers have been published to describe the numerical methods: we can cite the work from GODIN et al [14] describing a method based on mass action laws and also the fine and precise work from COUFAL et al [15,16] and the cited literature presenting a method based on Gibbs free energy minimization. In this paper, we propose to use an approach using Lagrangian multipliers to address the conservation of nuclei, the electrical neutrality and Dalton's law, and solve the system with a Newton-Raphson numerical method.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Plasma Formed in Argon, Acid Nitric and Water Used in Industrial ICP Torches

Bendjebbar¹,

André²,

Benbakkar³

et al. 2012

Plasma Sci. Technol.

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Inductively coupled plasmas (ICPs) are used in spectrochemical analyses. The introduction of the sample by means of an aerosol are widely used. The introduction and the total evaporation of the aerosol is required in order to obtain a good repeatability and reproducibility of analyses. To check whether the vaporization of the aerosol droplets inside the plasma is completed, a solution could be used to compare the experimental results of the emission spectral lines with theoretical results. An accurate calculation code to obtain monatomic spectral lines intensities is therefore required, which is the purpose of the present paper. The mixtures of argon, water and nitric acid are widely used in spectrochemical analyses with ICPs. With these mixtures, we calculate the composition, thermodynamic functions and monatomic spectral lines intensities of the plasma at thermodynamic equilibrium and at atmospheric pressure. To obtain a self sufficient paper and also to allow other researchers to compare their results, all required data and a robust accurate algorithm, which is simple and easy to compute, are given.

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Modelling and simulation of nozzle ablation in high-voltage circuit-breakers

Cited by 44 publications

References 8 publications

PTFE Vapor Contribution to Pressure Changes in High-Voltage Circuit Breakers

PTFE Vapor Contribution to Pressure Changes in High-Voltage Circuit Breakers

Ablation-Dominated Arcs in CO2 Atmosphere - Part I: Temperature Determination near Current Zero

Plasma Formed in Argon, Acid Nitric and Water Used in Industrial ICP Torches

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