Modelling and Simulation of a Redundant Agricultural Manipulator with Virtual Prototyping

Abstract

The development of autonomous robots for agricultural applications includes motion planning, fruit picking, and collision avoidance with surrounding environments, and these become challenging tasks. For harvesting applications, robust control of the manipulator is needed for the effective motion of the robot. Several combinations of Proportional(P)- Integrative(I)- Derivative(D) controllers are modelled and a simulation study was performed for trajectory tracking of a redundant manipulator in virtual agricultural environments. The article presents a comprehensive study on kinematic modelling and dynamic control of redundant manipulator for fruit-picking applications in virtual environments. The collisions with surrounding environment were eliminated using ‘bounding box technique’. The joint variables are obtained by constructing Inverse Kinematics (IK) problem and are determined using a classical optimization technique. Different controllers are modelled in the ‘Simulink’ environment and are tuned to generate error-free trajectory tracking during harvesting. The task space locations (TSLs) are considered as via-points, and joint variables at each TSLs are obtained by Sequential Quadratic Programming (SQP) technique. Joint-level trajectories are generated using Quintic and B-spline polynomials. For effective trajectory tracking, torque variations are controlled using the PID and Feedforward (FF) controller. The dynamic simulations of the robot manipulator are performed in Simscape Multibody software. Results show that the during the trajectory tracking of the manipulator, the Feed-forward controller performs best with Quintic polynomial trajectory.

Adaptive Cruise Control of the Autonomous Vehicle Based on Sliding Mode Controller Using Arduino and Ultrasonic Sensor

“…Autonomous vehicles equipped with an ACC (Adaptive Cruise Control) system represent a major advancement in automotive technology. Autonomous vehicles [1]- [6] are vehicles capable of moving without human intervention, thanks to a combination of sensors and software [7]- [9]. They are now the center of interest for researchers.…”