Modelling and prediction of cavitation erosion in GDi injectors operated with E100 fuel

Santos, Eduardo Gomez; Shi, Junmei; Venkatasubramanian, Ramesh; Hoffmann, Guy; Gavaises, Manolis; Bauer, Wolfgang

doi:10.1016/j.fuel.2020.119923

Cited by 14 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 68 publications

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“…Brunhart et al [19] introduced the use of erosion indicators on the case of gaps within a diesel fuel pump. Gomez Santos et al [20], similarly, presented the comparison of erosion models in engine injectors operating with ethanol. Despite intensive research work and numerous publications in the field of cavitation erosion, the derived models have still not been perfected, and offer many opportunities for upgrading and improvement.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cavitation Erosion Modelling on a Radial Divergent Test Section Using RANS

Kevorkijan¹,

Lešnik²,

Biluš³

2022

sv-jme

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Cavitation is the phenomenon of fluid evaporation in hydraulic systems, which occurs due to a pressure drop below the value of the vapor pressure. For numerical modeling of this generally undesirable phenomenon, which is often associated with material damage (erosion), there are various mathematical vapor transfer models that have been validated in the past. There are different approaches to predicting cavitation erosion, which have mostly been experimental in the past. Recently various numerical models have been developed with the development of numerical simulations. They describe the phenomenon of cavitation erosion based on different theoretical considerations, such as Pressure wave hypothesis, Microjet hypothesis, or a combination of both. In the present paper, an analysis of the Schnerr-Sauer transport cavitation model was used, upgraded with an erosive potential energy model based on pressure wave hypothesis for cavitation erosion prediction. The extended numerical model has been applied to the case of a radial divergent test section in three different mathematical formulations. The results of simulation were compared and validated to experimental work performed by other authors. The study shows that the distribution of surface accumulated energy agrees with the experimental results, although certain differences exist between formulations. The applied method appears to be appropriate for further use, and to be extended to materials response modeling in the future.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cavitation Erosion Modelling on a Radial Divergent Test Section Using RANS

Kevorkijan¹,

Lešnik²,

Biluš³

2022

sv-jme

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“…The needle motion was assumed to be in the z-axial direction only. No eccentricity or residual fuel effects were considered; such effects have been investigated in [65][66][67][68][69]. In Table 2, the numerical values for the reference state for the inlet and outlet, respectively, are provided.…”

Section: Description Of the Examined Injector And Testing Conditionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Transient Cavitation and Friction-Induced Heating Effects of Diesel Fuel during the Needle Valve Early Opening Stages for Discharge Pressures up to 450 MPa

et al. 2021

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An investigation of the fuel heating, vapor formation, and cavitation erosion location patterns inside a five-hole common rail diesel fuel injector, occurring during the early opening period of the needle valve (from 2 μm to 80 μm), discharging at pressures of up to 450 MPa, is presented. Numerical simulations were performed using the explicit density-based solver of the compressible Navier–Stokes (NS) and energy conservation equations. The flow solver was combined with tabulated property data for a four-component diesel fuel surrogate, derived from the perturbed chain statistical associating fluid theory (PC-SAFT) equation of state (EoS), which allowed for a significant amount of the fuel’s physical and transport properties to be quantified. The Wall Adapting Local Eddy viscosity (WALE) Large Eddy Simulation (LES) model was used to resolve sub-grid scale turbulence, while a cell-based mesh deformation arbitrary Lagrangian–Eulerian (ALE) formulation was used for modelling the injector’s needle valve movement. Friction-induced heating was found to increase significantly when decreasing the pressure. At the same time, the Joule–Thomson cooling effect was calculated for up to 25 degrees K for the local fuel temperature drop relative to the fuel’s feed temperature. The extreme injection pressures induced fuel jet velocities in the order of 1100 m/s, affecting the formation of coherent vortical flow structures into the nozzle’s sac volume.

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“…Several approaches to predicting cavitation erosion from CFD simulations have been proposed and applied to various cases of cavitating flows in the literature. Proposed approaches range from more straightforward erosion indicators proposed by Gomez et al in [24], Mo et al [25] and Brunhart et al [26] to more complex and physically accurate modelling of cavitation erosion proposed by Leclercq et al in [27], Schenke et al [28], Arabnejad et al [29] and Fortes Patella et al [30].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…They considered several erosion risk indicators and concluded that the most accurate results were obtained with the maximum value of the squared total time derivative of pressure, the maximum value of potential power density by Fortes-Patella et al [30], and the maximum value of total time derivative of pressure. In a numerical study to predict cavitation erosion in GDi injectors by Santos et al [24], three erosion indicators were compared in the case of a URANS and an LES simulation. They concluded that accumulated (time integral) total time derivative of pressure and accumulated cavitation potential energy by Fortes-Patella et al [30] gave accurate erosion prediction in both URANS and LES cases.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Obtaining the Synthetic Fuels from Waste Plastic and Their Effect on Cavitation Formation in a Common-Rail Diesel Injector

Kevorkijan,

Palomar-Torres,

Torres-Jiménez

et al. 2023

Sustainability

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The presented paper addresses two significant issues of the present time. In general, the studies of the effect of synthetic fuels on cavitation formation and cavitation erosion prediction in the nozzle tip of common-rail diesel injectors were addressed. The first problem is plastic waste, which can have a significant negative environmental impact if not treated properly. Most plastic waste has high energy value, so it represents valuable material that can be used in resource recovery to produce various materials. One possible product is synthetic fuel, which can be produced using thermal and catalytic pyrolysis processes. The first issue addressed in the presented paper is the determination of fuel properties since they highly influence the fuel injection process, spray development, combustion, etc. The second is the prediction of cavitation development and cavitation erosion in a common-rail diesel injector when using pyrolytic oils from waste plastic. At first, pyrolytic oils from waste high- and low-density polyethylene were obtained using thermal and catalytic pyrolysis processes. Then, the obtained oils were further characterised. Finally, the properties of the obtained oils were implemented in the ANSYS FLUENT computational program and used in the study of the cavitation phenomena inside an injection nozzle hole. The cavitating flow in FLUENT was calculated using the Mixture Model and Zwart-Gerber-Belamri cavitation model. For the modelling of turbulence, a realisable k–ε model with Enhanced Wall Treatment was used, and an erosion risk indicator was chosen to compare predicted locations of cavitation erosion. The results indicate that the properties of the obtained pyrolytic oils have slightly lower density, surface tension and kinematic viscosity compared to conventional diesel fuel, but these minor differences influence the cavitation phenomenon inside the injection hole. The occurrence of cavitation is advanced when pyrolytic oils are used, and the length of cavitation structures is greater. This further influences the shift of the area of cavitation erosion prediction closer to the nozzle exit and increases its magnitude up to 26% compared to diesel fuel. All these differences have the potential to further influence the spray break-up process, combustion process and emission formation inside the combustion chamber.

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Modelling and prediction of cavitation erosion in GDi injectors operated with E100 fuel

Cited by 14 publications

References 68 publications

Cavitation Erosion Modelling on a Radial Divergent Test Section Using RANS

Cavitation Erosion Modelling on a Radial Divergent Test Section Using RANS

Transient Cavitation and Friction-Induced Heating Effects of Diesel Fuel during the Needle Valve Early Opening Stages for Discharge Pressures up to 450 MPa

Obtaining the Synthetic Fuels from Waste Plastic and Their Effect on Cavitation Formation in a Common-Rail Diesel Injector

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