Modelling and optimization of retrofitting residential energy systems at the urban scale

Evaluation of photovoltaic integration potential in a village

“…Moreover, the discount rate chosen could tilt the results towards a more conservative or aggressive penetration of renewables. The cost of capital would be substantially different for a governmental/municipal entity compared to a private investor (Jennings et al, 2014). Therefore, one should expect a different range of results based on the economic factors considered.…”

Improving building energy efficiency by multiobjective neighborhood field optimization

“…In Case III, the problem has the constraints as Eq. (9). The Pareto front obtained by MONFO is plotted in Figure 3.…”

“…The strategy of selecting measures within a variety of proposed alternatives can be optimally designed to compensate environmental, financial and social factors and to achieve energy efficiency improvement while satisfying each stakeholder's requirements and other practical constraints [9]. For a building retrofit project, decision makers (DM) need design a specific retrofit strategy to decide types of employed alternative measures and the number of alternative measures in each type before start of project.…”

A comparison of thermal energy storage models for building energy system optimization

“…Thermal storage units are commonly modeled as a thermal capacity with a homogeneously distributed temperature in mixed-integer linear programming [8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21].…”