Modelling and characterization of columnar growth in evaporated films

Tait, R. Niall; Smy, T.; Brett, Michael

doi:10.1016/0040-6090(93)90378-3

Cited by 406 publications

(233 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…An empirical relationship between the incidence angle a and the inclination of texture b "tg a ¼ 2 tg b" has been previously reported for films grown by various methods. [33][34][35] The reverse situation is observed here. The position of the maximum of the main peak in Fig.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 54%

“…Generally, under oblique angle deposition at RT by thermal evaporation or sputtering, the film texture is inclined towards the incident species direction, due to the shadowing effect and limited atom diffusion. [33][34][35] For the films grown by PLD at RT, we always observe an inclination of the c-axis in the forward direction, i.e., the reverse of the shadowing effect.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This is the reverse of the orientation classically reported in the case of the shadowing effect associated with oblique incidence deposition films. [33][34][35] Actually, under an oblique angle deposition a at room temperature (low adatom mobility), due to the self-shadowing effect, a columnar growth is observed inclined towards the incoming flux of species. An empirical relationship between the incidence angle a and the inclination of texture b "tg a ¼ 2 tg b" has been previously reported for films grown by various methods.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…9, meaning that the structural quality of the ZnO films depends upon the incident direction of the species even at high T. Interestingly, this slight deviation was found towards the direction of the incident species, as it is observed in the case of the shadowing effect (as indicated in the inset presented in this figure). 33 …”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

On the relevance of large scale pulsed-laser deposition: Evidence of structural heterogeneities in ZnO thin films

Perrière

Hébert

Jedrecy

et al. 2014

Journal of Applied Physics

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is an open access repository that collects the work of Arts et Métiers ParisTech researchers and makes it freely available over the web where possible. Pulsed-laser deposition is known as a well-suited method for growing thin films of oxide compounds presenting a wide range of functional properties. A limitation of this method for industrial process is the very anisotropic expansion dynamics of the plasma plume, which induces difficulties to grow on large scale films with homogeneous thickness and composition. The specific aspect of the crystalline or orientation uniformity has not been investigated, despite its important role on oxide films properties. In this work, the crystalline parameters and the texture of zinc oxide films are studied as a function of position with respect to the central axis of the plasma plume. We demonstrate the existence of large non-uniformities in the films. The stoichiometry, the lattice parameter, and the distribution of crystallites orientations drastically depend on the position with respect to the plume axis, i.e., on the oblique incidence of the ablated species. The origin of these non-uniformities, in particular, the unexpected tilted orientation of the ZnO c-axis may be attributed to the combined effects of the oblique incidence and of the ratio between oxygen and zinc fluxes reaching the surface of the growing film.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 54%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

On the relevance of large scale pulsed-laser deposition: Evidence of structural heterogeneities in ZnO thin films

Perrière

Hébert

Jedrecy

et al. 2014

Journal of Applied Physics

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“…Nieuwenhuizen and Haanstra 18 found a phenomenological relation between the column tilt angle, ␤, and the deposition angle, ␣, as tan͑␤͒ = 0.5 tan͑␣͒, that overestimates the former for increasingly oblique deposition ͑for ␣ = 85°it gives ␤ = 80°͒. On the other hand, Tait et al 19 assumed ballistic deposition and shadow effects leading to the relation 2 ϫ sin͑␣ − ␤͒ =1 − cos͑␣͒, that for ␣ = 85°gives ␤ = 58°, i.e., closer to our experimental value. Some other models have introduced additional parameters depending on the deposition rate or the diffusivity.…”

Section: Instituto De Ciencia De Materiales De Sevilla (Csic-mentioning

confidence: 99%

Tilt angle control of nanocolumns grown by glancing angle sputtering at variable argon pressures

García-Martín

Álvarez

Romero‐Gómez

et al. 2010

Applied Physics Letters

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We show that the tilt angle of nanostructures obtained by glancing angle sputtering is finely tuned by selecting the adequate argon pressure. At low pressures, a ballistic deposition regime dominates, yielding high directional atoms that form tilted nanocolumns. High pressures lead to a diffusive regime which gives rise to vertical columnar growth. Monte Carlo simulations reproduce the experimental results indicating that the loss of directionality of the sputtered particles in the gas phase, together with the self-shadowing mechanism at the surface, are the main processes responsible for the development of the columns.

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Lecithins

Szuhaj¹

2005

Bailey's Industrial Oil and Fat Products

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Lecithin is a novel natural material that has multifunctional properties. Original material was isolated from egg yolk and is found in significant quantities in brain and nervous tissue. Actually lecithin is a normal constituent in all cell membranes. The main source today is found in soybeans and is commercially available in many colors, viscosities, and functionalities. This article gives a detailed description of the nature and composition of lecithin and its manufacture and uses. Lecithin has been an amphoteric surfactant for centuries but was not commercialized until soy processing started in the 1930's. It has many food applications and is also used in pharmaceutical preparations and natural food products. Lecithin has some unique properties in industrial applications from paints to fuel additives. The most prevalent use today is in chocolate and margarine manufacture and in nutritional beverages and supplements.

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Modelling and characterization of columnar growth in evaporated films

Cited by 406 publications

References 13 publications

On the relevance of large scale pulsed-laser deposition: Evidence of structural heterogeneities in ZnO thin films

On the relevance of large scale pulsed-laser deposition: Evidence of structural heterogeneities in ZnO thin films

Tilt angle control of nanocolumns grown by glancing angle sputtering at variable argon pressures

Lecithins

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