Modélisation de la dynamique de l'habitat des jeunes stades de saumon atlantique (Salmo salar) de la rivière Ashuapmushuan (Québec, Canada)

Leclerc, Michel; Boudreau, Paul; Bechara, José A.; Belzile, L.; Villeneuve, Denis

doi:10.1051/kmae:1994029

Bull. Fr. Pêche Piscic.

1994

DOI: 10.1051/kmae:1994029

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Modélisation de la dynamique de l'habitat des jeunes stades de saumon atlantique (Salmo salar) de la rivière Ashuapmushuan (Québec, Canada)

Michel Leclerc

Paul Boudreau

José A. Bechara

et al.

Abstract: RÉSUMÉLa technique de modélisation des microhabitats sert à évaluer l'impact des divers usages de l'eau sur la disponibilité de l'habitat des poissons. Cependant, un aspect négligé par ces modèles est que les variations de débit peuvent affecter aussi la position de ces habitats dans la rivière. Une approche numérique est proposée afin de simuler le déplacement des microhabitats à l'aide d'un modèle hydrodynamique bi-dimensionnel et d'une analyse hydrologique des changements temporels du débit. Cette approche … Show more

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Cited by 13 publications

(1 citation statement)

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“…Therefore the quantity and quality of suitable freshwater habitat is of great importance in the management of these species. That habitat is the most important component influencing stream carrying capacity is evidenced by the many current studies aimed at quantifying the impact of human activities, and building stream models (Bagliniere & Champigneulle 1986;Amiro 1993;Bagliniere et al 1993;Leclerc et al 1994;Bourgeois et al 1996;Cunjak 1996;Heggenes 1996).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Spatial niche variability for young Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) and brown trout (S. trutta) in heterogeneous streams

Heggenes

Baglinière²,

Cunjak

1999

Ecology of Freshwater Fish

217

212

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Abstract– Habitat is important in determining stream carrying capacity and population density in young Atlantic salmon and brown trout. We review stream habitat selection studies and relate results to variable and interacting abiotic and biotic factors. The importance of spatial and temporal scales are often overlooked. Different physical variables may influence fish position choice at different spatial scales. Temporally variable water flows and temperatures are pervasive environmental factors in streams that affect behavior and habitat selection. The more frequently measured abiotic variables are water depth, water velocity (or stream gradient), substrate particle size, and cover. Summer daytime, feeding habitats of Atlantic salmon are size structured. Larger parr (>7 cm) have a wider spatial niche than small parr. Selected snout water velocities are consistently low (3–25 cm. s−1). Mean (or surface) water velocities are in the preferred range of 30–50 cm. s−1, and usually in combination with coarse substratum (16–256 mm). However, salmon parr demonstrate flexibility with respect to preferred water velocity, depending on fish size, intra‐ and interspecific competition, and predation risk. Water depth is less important, except in small streams. In large rivers and lakes a variety of water depths are used by salmon parr. Summer daytime, feeding habitat of brown trout is also characterized by a narrow selection of low snout water velocities. Habitat use is size‐structured, which appears to be mainly a result of intraspecific competition. The small trout parr (<7 cm) are abundant in the shallow swift stream areas (<20–30 cm depths, 10–50 cm. s−1 water velocities) with cobble substrates. The larger trout have increasingly strong preferences for deep‐slow stream areas, in particular pools. Water depth is considered the most important habitat variable for brown trout. Spatial niche overlap is considerable where the two species are sympatric, although young Atlantic salmon tend to be distributed more in the faster flowing and shallow habitats compared with trout. Habitat use by salmon is restricted through interspecific competition with the more aggressive brown trout (interactive segregation). However, subtle innate differences in behavior at an early stage also indicate selective segregation. Seasonal changes in habitat use related to water temperatures occur in both species. In winter, they have a stronger preference for cover and shelter, and may seek shelter in the streambed and/or deeper water. At low temperatures (higher latitudes), there are also marked shifts in habitat use during day and night as the fish become nocturnal. Passive sheltering in the substrate or aggregating in deep‐slow stream areas is the typical daytime behavior. While active at night, the fish move to more exposed holding positions primarily on but also above the substrate. Diurnal changes in habitat use take place also in summer; brown trout may utilize a wider spatial niche at night with more fish occupying the shallow‐slow stream areas. ...

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mentioning

confidence: 99%

Spatial niche variability for young Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) and brown trout (S. trutta) in heterogeneous streams

Heggenes

Baglinière²,

Cunjak

1999

Ecology of Freshwater Fish

217

212

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Numerical Method for Modelling Spawning Habitat Dynamics of Landlocked Salmon,salmo Salar

Leclerc

Boudreau

Bechara

et al. 1996

Regul. Rivers: Res. Mgmt.

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The stability of habitat conditions determined by the hydrological regime of a river can play a major part in fish spawning success. Application of the classical IFIM approach (Instream Flow Incremental Methodology) does not usually take into account this dynamic aspect of the habitat. We developed a numerical method to simulate the rate of variation in spawning habitat conditions using two‐dimensional hydrodynamic modelling coupled with a fish model based on habitat suitability indices (HSI). The approach assumes that, under natural conditions, fish spawning success is maximized under the most common rates of habitat variation. This method was applied during the feasibility study phase of a Hydro‐Québec hydroelectric project on Ashuapmushuan River (St‐Jean Lake region, Québec, Canada). The aim was to evaluate the environmental impact of different exploitation regimes on the rearing and spawning habitats of the landlocked salmon (Ouananiche) of this river. Only the spawning aspect is addressed here. After the hydrodynamic model was well established on a representative reference reach of the river, two spawning areas were identified within this reach and delimited for computational purposes. The per cent usable areas (PUA) were estimated on these two zones for 36 different flow discharges representing a wide rate of the usual hydrological conditions in summer and autumn. In addition, a time series of daily rate of variation of normalized PUA (dPUA′) were obtained from a 35 year habitat time series. Finally, some relevant statistics of dPUA′ (mean and exceedance probabilities of 50, 20, 10, 5 and 2%) were obtained for the natural flow regime. They were then compared with a hypothetical peak exploitation flow pattern currently in use on a neighbouring river. According to our model, this regime would induce a 10–20‐fold increase in the rate of variation compared with the most extreme natural conditions (dPUA exceeded 2% of the time). This regime was considered to obtain a contrasting image of different options that were never seriously envisaged by Hydro‐Québec for this river.

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Characterizing physical habitat preferences and thermal refuge occupancy of brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) and Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) at high river temperatures

Wilbur

O’Sullivan

MacQuarrie

et al. 2020

River Research & Apps

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Anthropogenic influences, including climate change, are increasing river temperatures in northern and temperate regions and threatening the thermal habitats of native salmonids. When river temperatures exceed the tolerance levels of brook trout and Atlantic salmon, individuals exhibit behavioural thermoregulation by seeking out cold‐water refugia – often created by tributaries and groundwater discharge. Thermal infrared (TIR) imagery was used to map cold‐water anomalies along a 53 km reach of the Cains River, New Brunswick. Trout and salmon parr did not use all identified thermal anomalies as refugia during higher river temperature periods (>21°C). Most small‐bodied trout (8–30 cm) were observed in 80% of the thermal anomalies sampled. Large‐bodied trout (>35 cm) required a more specific set of physical habitat conditions for suitable refugia, that is, 100% of observed large trout used 30% of the anomalies sampled and required water depths >65 cm within or adjacent to the anomaly. Densities of trout were significantly higher within anomalies compared with areas of ambient river temperature. Salmon parr were less aligned with thermal anomalies at the observed temperatures, that is, 59% were found in 65% of the sampled anomalies; and densities were not significantly different within/ outside anomalies. Salmon parr appeared to aggregate at 27°C, and after several events over 27°C variability in aggregation behaviour was observed – some fish aggregated at 25°C, others did not. We stipulate this is due to variances of thermal fatigue. Habitat suitability curves were developed for velocity, temperature, depth, substrate, and deep water availability to characterize conditions preferred by fish during high‐temperature events. These findings are useful for managers as our climate warms, and can potentially be used as a tool to help conserve and enhance thermal refugia for brook trout and Atlantic salmon in similar systems.

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Modélisation de la dynamique de l'habitat des jeunes stades de saumon atlantique (Salmo salar) de la rivière Ashuapmushuan (Québec, Canada)

Cited by 13 publications

References 11 publications

Spatial niche variability for young Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) and brown trout (S. trutta) in heterogeneous streams

Spatial niche variability for young Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) and brown trout (S. trutta) in heterogeneous streams

Numerical Method for Modelling Spawning Habitat Dynamics of Landlocked Salmon,salmo Salar

Characterizing physical habitat preferences and thermal refuge occupancy of brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) and Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) at high river temperatures

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