Modeling the impact of potentially harmful elements on the groundwater quality of a mining area (Nigeria) by integrating NSFWQI, HERisk code, and HCs

Investigation of Wabe River water fitness for agricultural and industrial purposes

“…Two important markers for determining the degree of deterioration in water quality are the TDS and EC of the water ( Egbueri et al., 2022 ). During the wet and dry seasons, electrical conductivity values ranged from 101.3 μs/cm to 151 μs/cm and 190.3 μs/cm to 325 μs/cm, respectively.…”

“…Based on loading variables, water quality data was used in a main component analysis with an Eigen value of >1 to identify pollution sources in the Wabe River ( Mustapha et al., 2011 ). There are factor loadings that are strong (>0.75), medium (0.5–0.75), and moderate (0.3–0.5) ( Egbueri et al., 2022 ). Two and four components of datasets are generated during the wet and dry seasons, respectively ( Table 5 ).…”

“…This indicates that the magnesium, sodium, and bicarbonate ions are positively charged. Weathering of silicate and carbonate minerals, dissolved minerals in sedimentary rocks, and leaching from the soil surface during rainstorms were all possible sources of ionic concentrations for the first component (PC1) ( Egbueri et al., 2022 ; Nguyen et al., 2020 ). PC1 also has medium loading scores for EC, TH, TDS, Ca 2+ , SO 4 2− , and Cl − .…”

“…Strong (high) loadings are encountered in ranges greater than 0.75. Strong loadings are typically considered to be extremely significant and to explain more specifics about a particular dataset ( Egbueri et al., 2022 ). The PCA analysis was performed using SPSS 20.0 software.…”

“…Food spoilage has an impact on food color, texture, and edibility as well as nutritional value due to physical, chemical, and biological pollutants ( Amit et al., 2017 ). In addition, contaminated water damages processes and corrodes pipes, boilers, and process units ( Egbueri et al., 2022 ). Enhancement of agricultural activities and establishment of industries are essential to have suitable water ( Egbueri, 2022 ; Ustaoğlu et al., 2021 ).…”