“…Modeling tools have become useful to simulate the combined effects of climate-land interactions but also help to establish mechanisms leading to various environmental outcomes including biodiversity (Schulte to Bühne et al, 2021;Srinivasan and Wilcove, 2021), population (Molotoks et al, 2021), pathogens (Casazza et al, 2020), and food security impact of elevated CO 2 (J. , just to mention a few. Modeling tools have dominated climate-land related research due to their ability to model complex interactions and better represent environmental concerns such as stream ow and hydrological predictions, pollutant loading, water balance, and water quality (Achugbu et al, 2021;Alamdari et al, 2022;Boone et al, 2016;Cao and Dan, 2021;Chilukoti & Xue, 2021;Gabiri et al, 2020;Hung et al, 2020;Idrissou et al, 2022;Jain et al, 2021;Nyatuame et al, 2020;Ross and Randhir, 2022;Selwood et al, 2014;Srinivasan and Wilcove, 2021;Sylla et al, 2016;Tirupathi and Shashidhar, 2020;Tu, 2009), amongst others.…”