Modeling the 1998–2003 summer circulation and thermal structure in Lake Michigan

Beletsky, Dmitry; Schwab, David J.; McCormick, Michael

doi:10.1029/2005jc003222

Cited by 100 publications

(127 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…One possible reason may be because of the modeled over White Shoal Lighthouse might influenced by the ice cover. Additionally, the atmospheric stability correction calculated based on the temperature gradient and wind speed, hence, Q H over the ice surface may introduce a non-linear relation between heat flux and air temperature [23,24]. We also find that surface temperature from MODIS-derived GLST usually overestimate when ice is present in the pixel.…”

Section: The Great Lakes Turbulent Fluxesmentioning

confidence: 73%

The Estimation of the North American Great Lakes Turbulent Fluxes Using Satellite Remote Sensing and MERRA Reanalysis Data

Moukomla

Blanken

2017

Remote Sensing

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Abstract:This study provides the first technique to investigate the turbulent fluxes over the Great Lakes from July 2001 to December 2014 using a combination of data from satellite remote sensing, reanalysis data sets, and direct measurements. Turbulent fluxes including latent heat flux (Q E ) and sensible heat flux (Q H ) were estimated using the bulk aerodynamic approach, then compared with the direct eddy covariance measurements from the rooftop of three lighthouses-Stannard Rock Lighthouse (SR) in Lake Superior, White Shoal Lighthouse (WS) in Lake Michigan, and Spectacle Reef Lighthouse (SP) in Lake Huron. The relationship between modeled and measured Q E and Q H were in a good statistical agreement, for Q E , R 2 varied from 0.41 (WS), 0.74 (SR), and 0.87 (SP) with RMSE of 5.68, 6.93, and 4.67 W·m −2 , respectively, while Q H , R 2 ranged from 0.002 (WS), 0.8030 (SP) and 0.94 (SR) with RMSE of 6.97, 4.39 and 4.90 W·m −2 respectively. Both monthly mean Q E and Q H were highest in January for all lakes except Lake Ontario, which was highest in early December. The turbulent fluxes then sharply drop in March and are negligible during June and July. The evaporation processes continue again in August.

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Section: The Great Lakes Turbulent Fluxesmentioning

confidence: 73%

The Estimation of the North American Great Lakes Turbulent Fluxes Using Satellite Remote Sensing and MERRA Reanalysis Data

Moukomla

Blanken

2017

Remote Sensing

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“…In a stratified basin, the spin down time becomes longer because the area that responds to friction becomes bottom-trapped without appreciably affecting the upper layers [Holton, 1965;St-Maurice and Veronis, 1975], so it is thus possible that once established during a favorable wind event, the bowl-shaped thermocline and (geostrophically balanced) anticyclonic circulation would last for a considerable time without requiring additional supply of energy. Unusual anticyclonic circulation in central Lake Erie is most likely explained by its higher sensitivity to the wind curl due to the Table 1. flat bottom geometry, but when sufficient wind vorticity is present, other large lakes are likely to experience a similar Ekman pumping mechanism working in summer as well: one suspect case is the southern Lake Michigan anticyclonic circulation in August 1999 presented by Beletsky et al [2006].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Summer thermal structure and anticyclonic circulation of Lake Erie

Beletsky¹,

Hawley²,

Rao³

et al. 2012

Geophysical Research Letters

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[1] In most thermally stratified lakes, the summer thermocline has the shape of a "dome", with a shallower depth offshore than nearshore. This configuration is accompanied by a lake-wide cyclonic circulation. Lake-wide observations of subsurface temperature in central Lake Erie revealed an atypical "depressed" or "bowl-shaped" thermocline in late summer, with a deeper thermocline in the middle of the lake and a shallower thermocline nearshore. Currents measured in the central basin when the bowl-shaped thermocline was observed were anticyclonic, forming a single basin-wide gyre. It is suggested that the unusual bowl-shaped thermocline is the result of Ekman pumping driven by anticyclonic vorticity in surface winds. The bowl-shaped thermocline can lead to greater hypoxia in bottom waters and negative effects on biota by reducing the hypolimnetic volume.

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“…However, not only wind stress but thermohaline structure may have significant effects on water circulation. Numerical simulation of water circulation and thermal structures has been carried out for other large lakes such as Lake Michigan [15][16][17]. However, there are little studies on numerical simulation of water circulation in the Caspian Sea.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Numerical analysis of water circulation and thermohaline structures in the Caspian Sea

Kitazawa

Yang

2012

J Mar Sci Technol

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The Caspian Sea has a unique ecosystem that consists of endemic species. The deterioration of the unique ecosystem has become increasingly worrisome since a wide variety of pollutants have been released into the water. Water circulation plays a key role in advection and diffusion of these pollutants. In the present study, water circulation and thermohaline structures in the Caspian Sea were analyzed by means of a three dimensional numerical simulation. The effects of meteorological changes, river inflow, and an icing event were taken into account as boundary conditions. Numerical simulation was carried out for 20 years to achieve stable seasonal variations in model variables. As a result, the horizontal distributions of water temperature and salinity could be reproduced; the gradient of water temperature in the northsouth direction, the decrease in water temperature along the east coast of the middle Caspian Sea due to coastal upwelling, and low salinity in the northern Caspian Sea. The icing event kept the water temperature in the northern Caspian Sea from decreasing to an unrealistic value. The observed cyclonic gyres were basically formed by the density-driven current due to thermohaline structure.

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Modeling the 1998–2003 summer circulation and thermal structure in Lake Michigan

Cited by 100 publications

References 14 publications

The Estimation of the North American Great Lakes Turbulent Fluxes Using Satellite Remote Sensing and MERRA Reanalysis Data

The Estimation of the North American Great Lakes Turbulent Fluxes Using Satellite Remote Sensing and MERRA Reanalysis Data

Summer thermal structure and anticyclonic circulation of Lake Erie

Numerical analysis of water circulation and thermohaline structures in the Caspian Sea

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