Modeling temperature in the drinking water distribution system

Abstract

KEywords: drinking water temperature, soil temperature model, water quality modelBlokker & Pieterse-Quirijns | http://dx.

Relating Water Quality and Age in Drinking Water Distribution Systems Using Self-Organising Maps

“…Water age and temperature are not correlated; this is as expected [3] ‚ Total iron and turbidity partly correlate; the highest turbidity values coincide with raised iron levels, presumably particulate iron, whereas the highest iron levels do not correlate with raised turbidity levels and this may indicate dissolved iron. Note that the values for iron and turbidity are all quite low.…”

“…Many of these are kinetic in nature and hence residence time within a system (or water age) may be an indicator of such deterioration [1]. It has also been shown that higher water temperatures may enhance water quality deterioration [2][3][4][5][6]. Many of the chemical changes that influence water quality are driven by reaction kinetics which are temperature dependent, and temperature also influences microbial populations [7].…”

Development and validation of a drinking water temperature model in domestic drinking water supply systems

“…In the Netherlands, where drinking water is being distributed without persistent disinfectant residual, the temperature of drinking water at the customers' tap is not allowed to exceed 25 °C. However, as stated in a recent study (Blokker and Pieterse-Quirijns 2013), during a relatively warm year (2006), 0.1% of the samples did exceed the legislative limit. Depending on the flow conditions (stagnant, laminar or turbulent), the value of the Nusselt number changes (Janssen and Warmoekserken 1991): where Re is Reynolds number and Pr is Prandtl number.…”

“…Viscosity of drinking water, for instance, tends to fall as temperature increases. A rise from 5 to 25 °C causes the viscosity to drop by almost 40% resulting in a decrease in flow resistance, which affects the transport phenomena in pipes (Blokker and Pieterse-Quirijns 2013). Chemically speaking, water temperature is important due to its effects on copper solubility, the rate of corrosion, lead leaching from brass fixtures, bulk chlorine decay rate and formation of disinfection by-products.…”

“…In a recent study, a model that predicts the temperature of the water in distribution networks was proposed (Blokker and Pieterse-Quirijns 2013). To our knowledge, the temperature dynamics have not been modelled yet for the DDWSs.…”