Development and validation of a drinking water temperature model in domestic drinking water supply systems

Zlatanović, Ljiljana; Moerman, Andreas; Hoek, Jan Peter van der; Vreeburg, J.H.G.; Blokker, Mirjam

doi:10.1080/1573062x.2017.1325501

Cited by 25 publications

(31 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…Drinking water temperature in the domestic drinking water installation can increase due to pipes installed through heated rooms or nearby heat sources [36,37]. Zlatanovic, et al [14] developed a model to simulate the temperature in DDWSs. The model showed that inlet water temperature and ambient temperature both have a large effect on the water temperature at the household tap.…”

Section: Drinking Water Temperature In the Domestic Drinking Water Inmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Water quality and hydraulics in the DWDS have been extensively studied [5][6][7][8][9]. Although little is known in practice, research has been conducted to model temperature changes in the DWDS and to determine delivered water temperature at the customer [10][11][12][13][14]. Temperature is an important determinant of water quality, since it influences physical, chemical and biological processes, such as absorption of chemicals, chlorine decay [15] and microbial growth and competition processes [8].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This change is strongly influenced by the weather, the depth of installation of transport and distribution pipes, the soil type, ground water levels, presence of anthropogenic heat sources and hydraulic residence times [11,21]. At the building level, drinking water temperature can also be affected by the layout of the hot water installations [14].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Drinking Water Temperature around the Globe: Understanding, Policies, Challenges and Opportunities

Agudelo-Vera

Avvedimento

Boxall

et al. 2020

Water

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Water temperature is often monitored at water sources and treatment works; however, there is limited monitoring of the water temperature in the drinking water distribution system (DWDS), despite a known impact on physical, chemical and microbial reactions which impact water quality. A key parameter influencing drinking water temperature is soil temperature, which is influenced by the urban heat island effects. This paper provides critique and comprehensive summary of the current knowledge, policies and challenges regarding drinking water temperature research and presents the findings from a survey of international stakeholders. Knowledge gaps as well as challenges and opportunities for monitoring and research are identified. The conclusion of the study is that temperature in the DWDS is an emerging concern in various countries regardless of the water source and treatment, climate conditions, or network characteristics such as topology, pipe material or diameter. More research is needed, especially to determine (i) the effect of higher temperatures, (ii) a legislative limit on temperature and (iii) measures to comply with this limit.

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Section: Drinking Water Temperature In the Domestic Drinking Water Inmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Drinking Water Temperature around the Globe: Understanding, Policies, Challenges and Opportunities

Agudelo-Vera

Avvedimento

Boxall

et al. 2020

Water

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“…The detailed description of the experimental methodology, including (1) mimicking the real water consumption during the experimental run, (2) overnight stagnation experiments, (3) sampling of (fresh and stagnant) water and biofilms, (4) chemical and microbial analysis of (fresh and stagnant) water and biofilm samples, and (5) statistical analysis, is given in our previous work (available via Open Access) [21,27]. .…”

Section: Description Of the Ddws Experimental Rigsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of an Extended Domestic Drinking Water System on the Drinking Water Quality

Zlatanović

Knezev

Hoek

et al. 2018

Water

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Drinking water and fire safety are strongly bonded to each other. Actual drinking water demand and fire flows are both delivered through the same network, and are both devoted to public health and safety. In The Netherlands, the discussion about fire flows supplied by the drinking water networks has drawn fire fighters and drinking water companies together, searching for novel approaches to improve public safety. One of these approaches is the application of residential fire sprinkler systems fed by drinking water. This approach has an impact on the layout of domestic drinking water systems (DDWSs), as extra plumbing is required. This study examined the influence of the added plumbing on quality of both fresh and 10 h stagnant water in two full scale DDWSs: a conventional and an extended system. Overnight stagnation was found to promote copper and zinc leaching from pipes in both DDWSs. Microbial numbers and viability in the stagnant water, measured by heterotrophic plate count (HPC), flow cytometry (FCM) and adenosine tri-phosphate (ATP), depended on the temperature of fresh water, as increased microbial numbers and viability was measured in both DDWSs when the temperature of fresh water was below the observed tipping point (15 • C for the HPC and 17 • C for the FCM and ATP measurements respectively) and vice versa. A high level of similarity between water and biofilm communities, >98% and >70-94% respectively, indicates that the extension of the DDWS did not affect either the microbial quality of fresh drinking water or the biofilm composition.

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“…Wong et al [91] developed an algorithm correlating the water supply pipe temperature for shower use to ambient outdoor air temperature and observed that water supply pipe temperature was consistently higher. Zlatanovic et al [92] mathematically modelled the temporal change of water temperature inside pipes by solving the energy balance between the source water temperature and ambient air temperature using pipe characteristics and the physical properties of water and air. This study observed that the heat exchange between water and air through the pipe wall was the most dominant transfer process.…”

Section: Cwt In Wre Modellingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Integrated modelling of residential water-related energy

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Around the world, urban demand for resources is increasing over time. In Australia, 90% of the population resides in cities, which are growing in both population and housing density. These factors place greater demands on water and energy, and associated greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Water use, energy use and GHGs are strongly interconnected, and thus actions to reduce water or energy consumption can have unintended consequences. Consequently, reducing water use without increasing energy use and GHGs as well as reducing energy use without increasing water use is important. One key area where this can be achieved is in the reduction of water-related energy (WRE) use. WRE consumption occurs in two distinct sectors: the water sector through water supply and sewage collection services, and the residential sector through water end uses. WRE use of both utilities and end users are interconnected through infrastructure, environment, technology, behaviour, and policies. WRE use of water supply (10%) and sewage collections services (10%) are both within the control of utilities, however, the most WRE intensive component of the residential urban water cycle is residential end use (80%), which is largely outside the control of water utilities. This thesis used a systems approach to WRE modelling, across the water utility and residential sector interface, to investigate opportunities for whole-of-system reduction in resource consumption. Firstly, this study investigated an interaction between the infrastructure and the environment through the cold water temperature (CWT) variability impact on household WRE. The spatiotemporal variability in CWT was determined using 5760 measurements from 1255 sampling locations across Yarra Valley Water, Melbourne, Australia. The monthly CWT varied across the 4000 km 2 study site from 12-28°C during summer and 9-15°C during winter. Spatial clusters of hot spots and cold spots were observed. Variation in CWT was calculated to affect annual household WRE demand by-17 to +19%. Variability in results demonstrated the difference in household WRE demand in hot spots, cold spots, and neutral zones. Monthly mean CWTs for the study site diverged from hot water system (HWS) energy consumption guidelines by-21 to +47%. The CWT variability impact on household water heating varied up to three times the energy used by the water utility for water supply and sewage disposal services in this region. Results demonstrated the importance of modelling interactions between infrastructure and the environment. Quantifying the variability of CWT increased the accuracy of predicting regional WRE demand and HWS energy consumption.

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Development and validation of a drinking water temperature model in domestic drinking water supply systems

Cited by 25 publications

References 13 publications

Drinking Water Temperature around the Globe: Understanding, Policies, Challenges and Opportunities

Drinking Water Temperature around the Globe: Understanding, Policies, Challenges and Opportunities

Influence of an Extended Domestic Drinking Water System on the Drinking Water Quality

Integrated modelling of residential water-related energy

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